Muammar Gaddafi: biography, family, personal life, photo. Muammar Gaddafi biography Gaddafi what president
Well, about the fact that the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi killed, everyone already knows. Many have seen the disgusting video, so to speak, illustrating this terrible act. They caught him and brutally killed him. He was called the Father of Jamahiriya, he was a tyrant and dictator, but his merits were great. Many former partners immediately turned their backs on him. Two rulers of our neighboring country spoke out about how “how is it possible to show such atrocities on TV,” that is, they were outraged by the fact of the show, but not by the fact of what was done. Hypocrites. And scoundrels. In a word, everything is not very good in the world when this happens. Who did Gaddafi interfere with? Americans? Yes. He was undesirable and was “removed.” Some countries condemned NATO's interference in Libya's sovereign affairs, but they did not help Libya either, adopting the position of an “observer.” But, first, I think it’s worth focusing on the person: who is he - Muammar Gaddafi?
Gaddafi came to power in 1969 after the overthrow of King Idris I. He developed the concept Jamahiriya (power of the masses), which he tried to build in Libya - a socialist society based on Islam, morality and patriotism. In 1980-1990, Gaddafi maintained an irreconcilable position towards the West. He is believed to be responsible for the 1986 La Belle discotheque bombing in West Berlin and the 1988 Pan Am Boeing 747 bombing over Scotland. Although Gaddafi denied personal involvement in the terrorist attacks, Libya lived for 10 years under harsh international sanctions. They began to soften in 2003, when Gaddafi agreed that Libyan officials were behind the bombings. After this, the country was able to sell oil to the West, and the standard of living rose. In February of this year, the first protests against Gaddafi began in eastern Libya. A month later, the West supported the rebels with bombings. And at the end of August the revolutionaries took Tripoli. Gaddafi continued his resistance until recently in his hometown of Sirte, where he was killed.
— He admitted that the terrorist attacks were the work of the Libyan elite, yes. But, unlike other terrorists, senselessly, “for an idea” or just like that, killing thousands of people, he was a real charismatic leader of his country, which under his leadership achieved a high standard of living. Now this level will begin to fall...
Gaddafi is a very controversial person, some consider him a terrorist, others consider him a victim. I think the truth, as always, is somewhere in the middle - neither one nor the other. How can you characterize it? What characterizes the leader of a country? That's right - the economic, social and cultural situation in the country. Let's see what happened in Libya under Muammar Gaddafi:
1. Having come to power, he expelled international corporations from the country.
2. Closed NATO military bases
3. GDP per capita - $14,192.
4. The state pays $1,000 in subsidies per year for each family member.
5. Unemployment benefits - $730.
6. Nurse's salary - $1,000.
7. $7,000 is paid for each newborn.
8. Newlyweds are given $64,000 to buy an apartment.
9. One-time financial assistance for opening a personal business - $20,000.
10. Large taxes and levies are prohibited.
11. Education and medicine are free.
12. Education and internship abroad - at the expense of the state.
13. A chain of stores for large families with symbolic prices for basic food products.
14. For the sale of products with an expired expiration date - heavy fines and detention by special police units.
15. Some pharmacies dispense medications free of charge.
16. For counterfeiting medicines - the death penalty. (!)
17. Rent - no.
18. There is no payment for electricity for the population.
19. The sale and consumption of alcohol is prohibited - “prohibition”.
20. Loans for the purchase of a car and an apartment are interest-free.
21. Real estate services are prohibited.
22. The purchase of a car is paid for up to 50% by the state, for militia fighters - 65%.
23. Gasoline is cheaper than water. 1 liter of gasoline - $0.14
24. Only under Muammar did the blacks of southern Libya gain human rights.
25. During the forty years of his reign, the population of Libya tripled.
26. Child mortality decreased by 9 times.
27. Life expectancy in the country has increased from 51.5 to 74.5 years.
28. Gadaffi decided to withdraw Libya from the world banking system and 12 more Arab countries wanted to follow his example.
The exact date of birth of Muammar Gaddafi is still unknown. Most likely, they were born in 1940 or 1942 in a Bedouin tent near the city of Sirte.
Gaddafi's parents are representatives of the Al-Gaddafa Berber tribe. It is from the name of the tribe that his surname comes.
Muammar Gaddafi, despite the nomadic lifestyle of his parents, received an education. At the age of 9 he went to school. True, in 1959 he was expelled from there for creating an underground group against the colonial regime.
At the same time, he actively participated in organizing youth demonstrations in support of the revolution in Algeria.
Revolutionary activities
In 1965, Gaddafi received his first diploma - he graduated from the military college in Benghazi with the rank of lieutenant, began serving in the Ghar Younes military camp, then was sent to the UK for retraining and promoted to captain.
At the same time, Gaddafi continued to engage in a coup. In 1964, he convened the first congress of the Free Unionist Socialist Officers organization. The movement's program formed the basis for the actions of Gaddafi's supporters in 1969.
Early in the morning of September 1, the organization’s troops simultaneously began protests in Benghazi, Tripoli and other cities of the country and quickly captured the main military and civilian facilities. King Idris I of Libya was undergoing treatment in Turkey at that time; he never returned.
On the first of September, Gaddafi announced in his radio message the creation of a supreme body of state power - the Revolutionary Command Council. On September 8, Gaddafi was awarded the rank of colonel - with which he ruled the country for more than 40 years.
The new principles of the state were as follows: the liquidation of all foreign military bases on the territory of Libya, positive neutrality in international matters, national unity, Arab unity, a ban on the activities of all political parties.
A year later, Muammar Gaddafi became Prime Minister and Minister of Defense of Libya. Immediately after he came to power, more than 20 thousand Italians were expelled from Libya.
Foreign banks, lands, oil companies were nationalized. After another three years, Gaddafi began the “cultural revolution”: the introduction of new norms based on Sharia.
It was then that he announced a concept called the “Third World Theory” and announced the creation of the Jamahiriya, a state of the masses.
Creation of Jamahiriya
The Jamahiriya project involved the dissolution of the councils of the revolutionary command and government and the creation of popular committees. The General People's Congress became the supreme legislative body, and the Supreme People's Committee became the executive body. Ministries were replaced by people's secretariats headed by bureaus. Soon the colonel began to cleanse the ranks of the VNK from opponents who were forced to flee abroad, but, despite this, died as a result of assassination attempts.
Proceeds from oil companies were allocated to social projects - by the mid-70s, large-scale projects on housing, education and healthcare were implemented. However, in the 80s, despite the global crisis, this policy was not changed.
Foreign policy
During Gaddafi's reign, Libya fought several wars - with Chad and Egypt. In addition, Gaddafi periodically sent Libyan troops to participate in internal African conflicts, particularly in Uganda and Somalia. The colonel has always maintained an anti-American and anti-Israeli position, harshly criticizing American and European policies.
Terrorist attacks in the West
In April 1986, three people were killed in an explosion at a Berlin nightclub. US President Ronald Reagan accused Tripoli of aiding international terrorism and soon ordered the bombing of Libya.
According to documents from the GDR intelligence services, the colonel was personally behind the terrorist attack in Berlin, and in 2001, a German court blamed official Tripoli for the attack.
This is followed by two explosions at once: in December 1988, a passenger Boeing 747 was blown up in the skies over Scotland (killing 270 people), and in September 1989, a DC-10 plane on a flight from Brazzaville to Paris exploded in Niger, killing 9,170). The West believed that these terrorist attacks were also ordered by Gaddafi. In 1992, the UN Security Council authorized the imposition of sanctions against Tripoli.
The West banned the sale of many types of equipment for transporting and refining oil, and Libyan holdings abroad were also frozen.
Soon, Tripoli admitted responsibility for the attack and paid compensation to the relatives of the victims in the amount of $200 million, after which relations with the West sharply stabilized. In 2003, sanctions against Libya were lifted.
In the 2000s, there were rumors that Gaddafi sponsored the election campaign of Nicolas Sarkozy, who for the time being lobbied for the interests of Tripoli in the international arena. In addition, until recently, the press was full of reports that Gaddafi personally selected girls for the escort service of Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.
The Last War
At the beginning of 2011, revolutions occurred in a number of countries in the Middle East, which were called the “Arab Spring.” After Tunisia and Egypt, the wave of protests reached Libya.
The rebels operated from Benghazi. Mass protests took place there and spread throughout the country. The rebels were supported by NATO and the UN Security Council. In August they managed to take Tripoli.
On October 20, 2011, they announced the capture of Gaddafi's hometown, Sirte, and the death of the colonel himself.
Muammar Gaddafi has ruled Libya for more than 40 years. He is now cracking down on the opposition while anti-government protesters continue to demand his resignation.
Muammar Gaddafi has ruled Libya for more than 40 years. He is now cracking down on the opposition while anti-government protesters continue to demand his resignation.
This 1970 photo shows Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi in uniform. He has ruled the country since he came to power in a bloodless coup in 1969.
COLONEL GADDAFI - THE FURIOUS SON OF A BEDOUIN
The name of Muammar Gaddafi did not leave the pages of Libyan newspapers and magazines. It was an integral part of feature films and theatrical productions.
When foreign journalists asked the Bedouin colonel how he felt about the actual deification of his person, he modestly replied:
- What can I do?! My people insist on this...
The Libyan leader was disingenuous. He loved to show off, and was constantly concerned about how he looked from the outside. When the Yugoslavs made a short film about him, it took an hour and a half just to choose the most successful shooting angle.
Muammar Gaddafi, head of the Libyan revolutionary command, addresses the crowd at the stadium in Benghaj, Libya, 1970. The appeal is timed to coincide with the withdrawal of US troops from Libya.
FROM THE TENT TO THE TOP OF POWER
His full name is Muammar bin Muhammad Abu Menyar Abdel Salam bin Hamid al-Gaddafi. The exact date of birth continues to remain a mystery. Many of his biographers claim that the ex-leader of Libya was born in 1940. Gaddafi himself wrote everywhere that he was born in the spring of 1942 in a Bedouin tent 30 kilometers south of the city of Sirte.
His father, a native of the al-Qaddafa tribe, wandered from place to place, herding camels and goats. The mother and three older daughters took care of the housework.
But the son of a simple Bedouin claims (and, of course, the media repeats him) that he is a descendant of the ancient noble Bedouin tribes that came from Iraq. However, should we be surprised?! Especially after several years ago he declared himself “the messiah of the Arab world, the successor of the work of the Prophet Muhammad, Jesus, and Moses.”
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (left), Moammar Gaddafi (center) and Syrian General Hafez Assad during a meeting in Damascus, 1971.
Remembering his childhood and youth, he once admitted...
- I grew up in a clean environment, not infected with the infections of modern life. I became aware of the conditions in which my people lived and the suffering they endured under the yoke of colonialism. Young people in our society respected old people, we knew how to distinguish good from evil.
When Muammar was nine years old, his parents sent him to primary school. He graduated from it four years later and entered the secondary school, which was located in the city of Sebha. During his school years, he fell in love with books about heroes who sacrificed themselves in the name of freedom. Who knows, maybe it was these books that prompted Gaddafi to create an underground youth organization while still in school.
It must be said that the years of study of the future colonel coincided with the period of the birth of the opposition movement in Libya. At the same time, dissatisfaction with the royal regime began to mature among the urban and rural poor, the middle classes, and students. Groups opposing the royal regime began to appear in the largest cities and provincial centers. One of them was led by Muammar Gaddafi in 1956-1961.
At the beginning of October 1961, a youth demonstration in support of the Algerian revolution began in the city of Sebha. It immediately grew into a mass anti-monarchist uprising. The organizer and leader of the demonstration was Gaddafi. For this he was arrested and then expelled from the city. I had to continue my studies in Misrata. There he entered the local lyceum, which he successfully graduated in 1963.
“Upon Gaddafi’s arrival in Misurata,” one of his associates, Muhammad Khalil, later said, “we decided to continue what we started in Sebha.” That is, to attract a large number of like-minded people to your side, to find among young people those who believed in Arab unity, in the principles of freedom, in the need for radical changes in the country.
Libyan President Moammar Gaddafi greets the crowd while riding on horseback during a ceremony in Ajdabiya, Libya. The celebration in 1976 marks the 6th anniversary of the expulsion of Italians from Libya.
In 1963, at a meeting of three underground groups from Sebha, Tripoli, and Misrata, it was decided to create a single illegal organization, including two sections - military and civilian. Members of the first group, led by Muammar Gaddafi, left for Benghazi to attend a military college. Participants in the second entered various higher education institutions.
From the first days of his studies, Gaddafi established himself as the most exemplary cadet. No one in the college could suspect him as an enemy of the regime. He never betrayed himself either by word or deed. Therefore, the case opened against him back in Sebkha has not been supplemented with anything. And his evening visits to history lectures at the University of Benghazi were perceived as quirks...
In 1964, the first congress of the organization took place near the small village of Telmeita, a few tens of kilometers from Benghazi. At Gaddafi’s suggestion, its motto was the slogan put forward by the Egyptian revolution of 1952: “Freedom, socialism, unity!” The group of young, revolutionary-minded military men began to be called the “Organization of Free Officers of Unionist Socialists” (OSUSUS). At the congress, a code of conduct was developed and a Central Committee was elected. Its members, “in the name of implementing revolutionary ideas,” were forbidden to play cards, drink wine, visit places of entertainment, and were ordered to strictly observe all religious rituals. The Central Committee was instructed to conduct targeted preparations for the uprising.
Committee members met monthly at first. Then, for purposes of secrecy, it was divided into groups that acted autonomously. Only Gaddafi knew the composition of the groups and their tasks.
Of course, the Free Officers had neither experience in political work nor a specific program of social transformation, not to mention strong ideological convictions. Nevertheless, they set themselves clearly formulated goals: the overthrow of the monarchical regime, the eradication of centuries-old backwardness, liberation from the military-political and economic domination of imperialism, the achievement of genuine national independence, the establishment of social justice of the broad masses, the struggle for Arab unity, for ensuring legal rights of the Arab people of Palestine.
Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi addresses the crowd during a rally in Tripoli Square.
After OSYUS members graduated from military college, communication between underground groups became more complicated. Yesterday's cadets were sent to the troops for further service. Gaddafi remained the leader and coordinator of the underground, who began serving in the signal forces in the Ghar Younes military camp, four kilometers from Benghazi. He received information about the activities of groups, about the situation in the troops, from him - instructions on illegal work, determination of places of appearances and meetings. In fact, already in 1966, the stage of direct preparation for a military coup began.
The influence of underground officers grew not only in the ground forces, but also in other branches of the armed forces. The situation with work among the intelligentsia, bureaucrats and in the business world was worse. A significant part of the local bourgeoisie, not to mention the feudal and high bureaucratic circles, were quite happy with the royal regime.
The June War of 1967 became a kind of catalyst for the revolution. The defeat of the Arabs in this war, which caused a spontaneous surge of patriotic sentiments and nationalist emotions throughout the Arab world, had a wide public response in Libya. Discontent was also brewing in the army. The patriotic feelings of military personnel, especially officers, were hurt by the fact that the monarchical government did not allow the army to take part in repelling Israeli aggression.
However, with general dissatisfaction with the royal regime and the majority of the officer corps moving into opposition, there were other movements in the army that expressed the interests of various social forces. Including feudal circles. The most right-wing of them was led by Colonel Abdel Aziz Shelhi, brother of the king's adviser. In 1969, he was appointed Deputy Chief of the General Staff and Chairman of the Royal Army Reorganization Committee. The latter position, as it turned out later, was invented as a screen to cover the preparation of a military coup.
The leaders of the Free Officers decided to seize the initiative. By that time, they already had enough of their supporters not only in the army, but also among the civilian population to decide on a preemptive action. The course was set to overthrow the royal regime with the help of a military counter-coup. A detailed plan for an armed military action was developed. This took into account not only domestic political factors, as Gaddafi later wrote, but also the foreign military presence in Libya.
PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat (right), its leader George Habash (left) and Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi (center) greet delegates at the Arab League summit.
The armed uprising planned before September 1969 to overthrow the royal regime was canceled several times. Gaddafi and his associates believed that hasty actions carried too much risk and unpredictable consequences.
In the summer of 1969, another campaign of officer transfers began in the army. It also affected Gaddafi, who received an order to immediately go to Tripoli for further service. These movements required making necessary adjustments to the plans of the “free officers.” The tension has reached its climax...
In the second half of August, it became known that King Idris was going abroad for treatment. Rumors spread in the army that Colonel Shelhi had decided to send a large group of officers for training abroad. Among them were many members of the underground organization, including Gaddafi.
Incoming information indicated that Colonel Shelhi, together with his supporters - a group of senior officers - intended to seize power on September 15 and proclaim a republic with a parliamentary form of government.
To implement the long-developed plan for the uprising, Gaddafi found it necessary to urgently leave Tripoli and return to Benghazi, where the general headquarters was located and the main military institutions were located.
In the early morning of September 1, 1969, detachments of members of the USSR under the leadership of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), created in preparation for the uprising, consisting of 12 officers led by Gaddafi, simultaneously began performances in Benghazi, Tripoli and other cities of the country. They quickly established control over major government and military installations. All entrances to American bases were blocked in advance.
September 1, 1987
Gaddafi inspects Libyan troops during the 18th anniversary of the Libyan revolution in Tripoli.
On the same day, Gaddafi, speaking on the radio, announced the overthrow of the monarchy in the country.
“The revolution,” he declared, “will be guided by the principles of freedom, unity, social justice and equality of all citizens.”
At the same time, it was announced that temporarily the supreme power would be exercised by the SRK. However, its quantitative and named composition was not announced for a long time. No one also knew who headed this highest authority.
Only two weeks after the revolutionary coup, 27-year-old Muammar Gaddafi was declared the leader of the revolution and chairman of the SRC. At the same time, it was announced that he had been awarded the rank of colonel (during the days of the coup he was captain of the signal troops).
He still wears the epaulets of a colonel, although in fact he is the commander-in-chief. He gives out general ranks very reluctantly, because he is convinced that this is “not the most important thing for a revolutionary army.”
For several weeks, while the new regime was strengthening and the names of its leaders were not announced, diplomats, journalists accredited in Libya, as well as representatives of foreign business and military circles, put forward a variety of versions and guesses (one more fantastic than the other) regarding the “real patrons” of the organizers of the revolutionary coup. They called the Russians, the CIA, the Nasserists...
It is necessary to emphasize here that Washington and its allies saw Gaddafi and his associates as provincial officers who had neither a serious long-term program, nor a broad social base within the country, nor political authority in the Arab world. The United States and Britain intended to use these transitory factors, along with their military and economic presence in Libya, to put pressure on the young, inexperienced Libyan leaders. It was on this basis that they hoped to later find a “common language” with them.
But these calculations turned out to be untenable.
Gaddafi asks journalists to take their seats at a press conference in Tripoli. He called on more than 100 foreign journalists to condemn the US invasion of the Persian Gulf.
The anti-imperialist orientation of the Libyan revolution manifested itself quite clearly already in the first months of the existence of the new regime.
On October 7, 1969, at the 24th session of the UN General Assembly, the Permanent Representative of Libya announced the Libyans' intention to eliminate all foreign bases on their soil. Following this, the Libyan leadership informed the ambassadors of the United States and England about the termination of the relevant agreements. Almost simultaneously, an attack began on the position of foreign capital in the country's economy.
The first results and immediate tasks of the Libyan revolution were enshrined in the Interim Constitutional Declaration promulgated on December 11, 1969. Islam was declared the official state religion. One of the main goals of the revolution was proclaimed to be the construction of socialism based on “religion, morality and patriotism.” Gaddafi and his associates intended to achieve this by “ensuring social justice, a high level of production, eliminating all forms of exploitation and fair distribution of national wealth.”
The Revolutionary Command Council was endowed with the functions of the main link in the political organization of society with the right to appoint a cabinet of ministers, declare war and conclude treaties, and issue decrees that had the force of law that concerned the main aspects of the internal life and foreign policy of the state. Chairman of the RRC Gaddafi was appointed head of the Libyan Arab Republic.
October 4, 1995
Gaddafi waves to Palestinian workers expelled from Libya during his visit to a camp on the border with Egypt. Gaddafi forced police to evict Palestinian workers and their families in response to an agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization.
FATHER OF JAMAHIRIYAH
The ideology and political structure of Libya were determined by the unique concept of social development put forward by Gaddafi and formulated in his Green Book, the first part of which was published in early 1976. It was called “Solving the Problem of Democracy (Power of the People).” The book was immediately declared (by Gaddafi’s obedient propaganda apparatus) “the main ideological document” of the state.
The colonel himself believed that his work represented “the final theoretical solution to human problems.” Back in 1986, he told me...
- I want the Green Book to become the Gospel of modern humanity.
According to Gaddafi's plans, the socialist society of Jamahiriya (translated from Arabic as “democracy”) should be based on three principles.
First. The exercise of power by the masses through popular assemblies, where everyone participates in decision-making and the exercise of power.
Second. Possession by the people of social wealth, which is considered as the property of all members of society.
Third. Transfer of weapons to the people and training in their use in order to end the monopoly on weapons by the army.
Hence the slogan: “Power, wealth and weapons are in the hands of the people!”
I would like to remind you that the beginning of the period of “people's revolution” is usually associated with the keynote speech of the Libyan leader, which he delivered in Zuwara in May 1973. In it, he first put forward the idea of transferring full power to the people.
“All other systems of government,” he said, “are undemocratic.” Only people's congresses and people's committees represent the final result of the struggle for democracy.
These were not just words. At the end of 1975, elections of people's committees were held, and the governing bodies of the people's congresses were formed. In January 1976, the General People's Congress (GPC) was created. The republican stage of Libya's development has entered its completion stage. It began to develop into a fundamentally new “Jamahiriyya”, which changed not only the nature of power in the country, but also its philosophy, socio-political and economic development.
Gaddafi with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak at Cairo airport. Recent anti-government demonstrations in the Middle East have ousted Mubarak from his post, causing Gaddafi to worry.
In March 1977, at an emergency session of the GNC, held in Sebkha, a Declaration was adopted, which proclaimed the new name of the country “Socialist People's Libyan Jamahiriya” (SNLAD), that its legislation was based on the Koran, and its political system on direct democracy. The Revolutionary Command Council and the government were dissolved. Instead, new institutions were created corresponding to the “Jamahiriyya” system. The General People's Congress was declared the supreme body of the legislative branch, and the Supreme People's Committee formed by it instead of the government - the executive branch. Ministries were replaced by people's secretariats, at the head of which bodies of collective leadership - bureaus - were created. Libyan embassies in foreign countries have also been transformed into people's bureaus.
In accordance with the populist principle of direct democracy, the role of the country's leader was formally taken outside the framework of the political system. By the way, back in 1974, Gaddafi was relieved of “political, protocol and administrative duties” in order to devote himself entirely to “ideological and theoretical work in organizing the masses.” However, until 1977 he remained head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. With the proclamation of the Jamahiriya, he was formally no longer able to perform any state functions. After all, the “Jamahiriyya” system officially denied the state as a form of political organization. From now on, Gaddafi was declared only the leader of the Libyan revolution. And this supposedly determined his true role in the country’s political system.
However, the real ideological and guiding influence of not only Gaddafi, but also other former members of the SRC on the further development and functioning of the new system of power has increased even more.
Explaining the essence of the changes that had taken place in the political system of Libya, Gaddafi in March 1977, at a mass rally in Tripoli, pointed out the ever-present danger to the gains of the Libyan revolution. In this regard, he called for its protection to be carried out by the entire “armed people.” However, the proclaimed goal of “replacing the army with an armed people” turned out to be impossible in practice.
The Sabha Declaration of 1977 actually replaced the previous constitution of 1969, although it itself was not of a constitutional nature, since the Green Book generally denied the role of the constitution as the fundamental law of society.
Gaddafi, along with US Muslim leader Louis Farrakhan (left), attend the opening of a new hospital in Tripoli.
“The true law of society is custom or religion,” says Gaddafi and always clarifies: “Religion includes custom, and custom is an expression of the natural life of peoples.” Laws that are not based on religion and custom are deliberately created by man against man. And because of this, they are unlawful, since they are not based on a natural source - custom and religion.
The political and legislative design of the “Jamahiriyya” system created only the superstructure of a new building on the old foundation. The economic structure remained fundamentally the same as that which existed before the proclamation of the Jamahiriya. The Libyan leadership realized this quite clearly and made active preparations for an offensive on the economic front. The introduction of “Jamahiriyya” principles in this area was carried out through a long process of complex experiments, accompanied by an equally long series of trials and errors.
In September 1977, Gaddafi put forward the principle of “self-government in the economy” as the basis for the development of economic life. In accordance with this principle, the transition of enterprises to the collective management of those who work there was envisaged. The slogan “Partners, not employees,” which he subsequently proclaimed, found theoretical justification in the second part of the “Green Book” and began to be implemented in a number of manufacturing enterprises in November of the same year.
In development of the same populist idea, Gaddafi put forward a new slogan: “Housing is the property of its inhabitant.” That is, the person living in the house is the owner, and not its tenant. In May 1978, a law was passed according to which the rental of residential premises was prohibited, and former tenants became the owners of rented apartments and houses.
Carrying out the slogan “Partners, not employees,” workers and employees, under the leadership of people’s committees, seized enterprises and institutions in the field of not only production, but also trade, as well as various service services. The former owners received, along with compensation, the opportunity to participate in the management of these enterprises, but on the basis of “equal partnership with producers.” This campaign of “people's conquest,” as it was called in Libya, became a unique form of liquidation of the private property of the big and middle bourgeoisie.
The functioning of the political system of the Jamahiriya on the ground and especially in production was hampered both because of the sabotage of the bourgeois strata, and because of the insufficient preparedness of the measures being taken, and the inability of the new administrative apparatus to manage the economy. All this caused discontent and unrest among part of the population. Some of the Muslim clergy also opposed the political and economic innovations of the Libyan leadership. She accused Gaddafi of "deviating from the provisions of the Koran."
In response, the authorities took serious measures aimed at limiting the influence of the clergy. Gaddafi gave the opposition-minded “guardians of the purity of Islam” a public exam on their knowledge of the Koran on television. The theologians were unable to answer the questions of the leader of the Libyan revolution, and were compromised in the eyes of the believing population. This gave Gaddafi grounds to subsequently deprive some of them of the right to conduct religious services.
In March 1979, Gaddafi put forward a new idea - “separation of the revolution from power.” The Revolutionary Leadership of the SNLAD was formed, which began to rely on a network of revolutionary and popular committees. According to Gaddafi, the creation of new committees was supposed to involve as many citizens as possible in the functioning of the “Jamahiriyya” system on the ground. The populist principle of direct democracy has thus acquired an all-encompassing scope.
September 1, 1996
Gaddafi is surrounded by guests during celebrations of the 27th anniversary of the coup that brought him to power in 1969.
Formally, the Revolutionary leadership of the SNLAD did not participate in government. In fact, it began to play an even more important role in the political system of the Libyan Jamahiriya. Each member of the Revolutionary leadership had a specific range of responsibilities. For example, Gaddafi, while retaining the post of supreme commander of the armed forces, was also the general secretary of the General People's Congress.
Not finding specific recipes for transforming society in the so-called “Islamic socialism,” Gaddafi constantly amended his theory. If before the Green Book Islam was considered one of the ideological sources of the official ideology, then in the third part of this book, published in the summer of 1979, the “truth of the third world theory” was no longer measured by the postulates of Islam. On the contrary, the “truth” of Islamic provisions themselves began to be assessed from the point of view of their compliance with this theory itself. The driving force of history was declared to be national and social struggle. At the same time, Gaddafi clarified, “if we limited ourselves to only supporting Muslims, we would show an example of fanaticism and selfishness: True Islam is the one that defends the weak, even if they are not Muslims.”
In subsequent explanations and comments to the Green Book, many of its provisions were subject to significant adjustments. But this book still remains, as it were, the fundamental catechism of the official ideology in Libya.
The transformation of Libyan society into a modern political system, called the Jamahiriya, is accompanied by many zigzags and is proceeding more slowly than Gaddafi would like. But the system he created undoubtedly awakened the Libyan people to political activity. However, as he was forced to admit, “the participation of the people in governing the country was not complete.”
Therefore, at the GNC session held on November 18, 1992 in the city of Sirte, it was decided to create a new political structure in Libya. It envisioned the country's transition to the highest level of democracy - the exemplary Jamahiriya. We are talking about creating, instead of primary people's assemblies, one and a half thousand communes, which are self-governing mini-states within the state, possessing full power in their district, including the distribution of budget funds.
The need to reorganize the previous political system, as Gaddafi explained, was explained, first of all, by the fact that it “could not provide genuine democracy due to the complexity of the structure, which created a gap between the masses and the leadership, and suffered from excessive centralization.”
In general, the Socialist People's Arab Jamahiriya continues its course towards building a new “Islamic socialist society”, where the dominant slogan is “Power, wealth and weapons are in the hands of the people!”
Muammar Gaddafi(Muammar Gaddafi) - Libyan statesman, leader of the Libyan revolution of 1969, head of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In 1969-1977 Chairman of the Council of the Revolutionary Command. In 1970-1972 he was Prime Minister, in 1977-1979 he was Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya. Commanded the Libyan Armed Forces. He took part in the Egyptian-Libyan War.
Muammar Gaddafi was born June 7, 1942, in a Bedouin tent 30 km south of the city of Sirte, in Libya, in a Bedouin family belonging to the Arabized Berber tribe of al-Qaddafa. Father - Muhammad Abu Menyar. Mother - Aisha ben Niran. His grandfather was killed in 1911 by an Italian colonist. At the age of 9, Muammar went to primary school. Following his father, who was constantly wandering in search of new, more fertile lands, Muammar changed three schools: in Sirte, Sebha and Misrata.
Encouraging a woman to do men's work means encroaching on the femininity given to her by nature for the sake of the need to continue life.
In 1959, an underground organization was created in Sebha, one of whose activists was Gaddafi. On October 5, 1961, the organization held a protest demonstration against Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic, which ended with a speech near the ancient wall of the city by the main organizer of the event, Muammar Gaddafi. A few days later he was expelled from Sebha's boarding school.
While still a schoolboy, Gaddafi participated in an underground political organization and held anti-colonial demonstrations against Italy. In 1961, Muammar created an underground organization whose goal was to overthrow the monarchy, as in neighboring Egypt. In October of the same year, a youth demonstration in support of the Algerian revolution began in the city of Sebha. It immediately grew into a mass anti-monarchist uprising. The organizer and leader of the demonstration was Gaddafi. For this he was arrested and then expelled from the city. I had to continue my studies in Misrata. There he entered the local lyceum, which he successfully graduated in 1963.
If there were still Russia in the world, real Russia, a united and great Russia that defended the weak, you would not dare. But it is not there, it is not there, and you triumph. But you forgot one thing: life has a way of unfolding, and a lot can happen in the future.
Served in the Libyan army. In the 1960s, he was an active member of the anti-monarchist movement, the leader of the Free Officers organization, whose ideology became “Islamic socialism.”
In 1965 Muammar Gaddafi He graduated from the military college in Benghazi with the rank of lieutenant, then in 1966 he underwent retraining in Great Britain and was then promoted to captain.
In September 1969, Gaddafi led a military rebellion that overthrew King Idris I. The Revolutionary Command Council, led by Gaddafi, came to power in the country. In 1977, the country received the name Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The former governing bodies (the Revolutionary Command Council and the government) were dissolved and replaced by people's committees.
On January 16, 1970, Muammar Gaddafi became prime minister and minister of defense. One of the first actions of the new leadership of the country headed by Gaddafi was the evacuation of foreign military bases from Libyan territory. He then said: “Either the foreign bases will disappear from our land, in which case the revolution will continue, or, if the bases remain, the revolution will die.” In April, the withdrawal of troops from the British naval base in Tobruk was completed, and in June - from the largest American air force base in the region, Wheelus Field, on the outskirts of Tripoli.
A state is an artificial political, economic, and sometimes military device that is in no way connected with the concept of humanity and has nothing to do with it.
Gaddafi Muammar
On October 7 of the same year, all 20 thousand Italians were expelled from Libya. This day was declared the “day of vengeance.” In addition, the graves of Italian soldiers were dug up as revenge for the brutal colonial war waged by Fascist Italy in the 1920s.
During 1969-1971, foreign banks and all Italian-owned land property were nationalized. The state also nationalized the property of foreign oil companies; the remaining oil companies were nationalized by 51%.
One of Gaddafi’s first steps after coming to power was the reform of the calendar: the names of the months of the year were changed in it, and chronology began to be based on the year of death of the Prophet Muhammad. Alcoholic beverages and gambling were prohibited in the country.
On April 15, 1973, during his speech in Zouar, Muammar Gaddafi proclaimed a cultural revolution, which included five points:
Have you seen the constitutions of countries around the world? They are funny and scandalous. Some people wrote a book and are imposing it on society. And then they easily change it many times according to the needs of the rulers.
Gaddafi Muammar
repealing all existing laws passed by the previous monarchical regime and replacing them with laws based on Sharia;
repression of communism and conservatism, purging all political oppositionists - those who opposed or resisted the revolution, such as communists, atheists, members of the Muslim Brotherhood, defenders of capitalism and agents of Western propaganda;
the distribution of weapons among the people in such a way that public resistance would protect the revolution;
administrative reform to end excessive bureaucratization, overreach and bribery;
encouraging Islamic thought, rejecting any ideas that do not conform to it, especially ideas imported from other countries and cultures.
If there was no electricity, we would watch TV in the dark.
Gaddafi Muammar
In the 1980s, the administration of US President Ronald Reagan accused the regime of Muammar Gaddafi of supporting terrorism (the main accusation was the involvement of Libyan intelligence services in organizing the bombing of an airplane over the Scottish city of Lockerbie). Libya found itself in international isolation. Only after Gaddafi agreed to hand over two suspects in this terrorist attack in the late 1990s did the process of returning the country to the world community begin.
During Muammar's reign, Libya was repeatedly accused of interfering in the affairs of foreign countries. In 1977, there was a border war with Egypt, and in the 1980s the country was drawn into an armed conflict in Chad. As a supporter of pan-Arabism, Gaddafi made efforts to unite Libya with a number of countries, which ended unsuccessfully. He provided support to numerous national liberation, revolutionary and terrorist organizations around the world. High-profile terrorist attacks with a Libyan imprint led to the bombing of the country in 1986 and the imposition of sanctions in the 1990s.
I'm not a dictator who can shut down Facebook. I will simply put everyone who visits this site in jail.
Gaddafi Muammar
Islam in Libya is the state religion, and the influence of the Muslim clergy is limited. Direct democracy has been proclaimed in the country; revenues from oil sales make it possible to maintain a high standard of living for Libyans. The presence of foreign capital in Libya has been reduced, large and medium-sized enterprises have been nationalized.
The main principle of the state structure of Libya: “Power, wealth and weapons are in the hands of the people” Gaddafi formulated and justified in the three-volume work “Green Book” (1976), which replaces the country’s constitution.
The Gaddafi regime in the 1970s-1990s had much in common with other similar post-colonial regimes in Africa and the Middle East. Rich in natural resources, but poor, backward, tribalist Libya, from which the attributes of Western life were expelled in the first years of Gaddafi's rule, was declared a country with a special path of development. The official ideology was a mixture of extreme ethnic nationalism, rent-seeking planned socialism, state Islam and a military dictatorship of the “left” with Gaddafi at the head, with declared collegiality of management and “democracy”. Despite this, and also despite the fact that Gaddafi supported various radical political movements at different times, his policies within the country during these years were relatively moderate. The regime was supported by the army, the state apparatus and the rural population, for whom these institutions were virtually the only mechanism for social mobility.
If human society ever becomes a society without a family, it will be a society of vagabonds and will be like an artificial plant.
Gaddafi Muammar
Muammar Gaddafi maintained close ties with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Both leaders tried to build a socialist society based on Islam, morality and patriotism. However, the deterioration of relations with Egypt after the death of Nasser and the rapprochement of his successor Sadat with the United States and Israel prompted Gaddafi to formulate his own ideology in the early 70s.
In the mid-1970s, the orientation of Libya's foreign policy towards the USSR was already obvious, while Egypt was increasingly inclined to cooperate with Western countries and entered into dialogue with Israel. The policies of Egyptian President Sadat caused a negative reaction from Arab countries, including Libya.
On March 2, 1977, at an emergency session of the General People's Congress (GPC) of Libya, held in Sebha, the “Sebha Declaration” was promulgated, proclaiming the establishment of a new form of government - the Jamahiriya (from the Arabic “jamahir” - the masses). The Libyan Republic received its new name - “Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya” (SNLAD).
To be honest, I would really like to leave, but it is no longer up to me. If I were king or president, things would be different. But I am a revolutionary.
In 1997, Muammar Gaddafi published the book “Long Live the State of the Oppressed!”, and later a collection of parable stories “Village, Village, Earth, Earth and the Suicide of an Astronaut”
Assassinations and plots against Muammar Gaddafi
During the years of his reign, several assassination attempts were made on Muammar Gaddafi. The most famous assassination attempts and conspiracies against Colonel Gaddafi include:
In June 1975, during a military parade, an unsuccessful attempt was made to fire at the podium where Muammar Gaddafi was sitting.
In 1981, conspirators from the Libyan Air Force made an unsuccessful attempt to shoot down the plane on which Gaddafi was returning to Tripoli from the USSR.
In December 1981, Colonel Khalifa Qadir shot at Muammar Gaddafi, slightly wounding him in the shoulder.
In November 1985, Gaddafi's relative Colonel Hassan Ishkal, who intended to kill the Libyan leader in Sirte, was executed.
In 1989, during the visit of Syrian President Hafez al-Assad to Libya, Gaddafi was attacked by a fanatic armed with a sword. The attacker was shot dead by security.
Countries such as the United States, India, China and the Russian Federation need the Jamahiriya. And they need it immediately.
Gaddafi Muammar
In 1996, while Gaddafi's motorcade was passing along a street in the city of Sirte, a car was blown up. The Libyan leader was not injured, but six people died as a result of the assassination attempt. Later, British intelligence service MI5 agent David Shayler said that the British secret service MI6 was behind the assassination attempt.
In 1998, near the Libyan-Egyptian border, unknown persons fired at the Libyan leader, but the main bodyguard Aisha covered Muammar Gaddafi with herself and died; seven more guards were injured. Gaddafi himself was slightly wounded in the elbow.
In June 2003, at a national congress, Muammar Gaddafi announced the country's new course towards “people's capitalism”; at the same time, the privatization of the oil and related industries was announced.
In August 2003, Muammar Gaddafi published a “White Paper”, in which he outlined his ideas for resolving the Middle East conflict, in particular, the creation of a united Jewish-Muslim state “Izratina”. The Algathafi website in Hebrew presented Gaddafi's plan and also stated on what principles this state should be created:
Return of Palestinian refugees to their lands
A multinational state organized on the Lebanese model;
Free elections under UN supervision;
I am convinced that the United States is heading towards an abyss. At first, the Americans enjoyed one victory after another. But it can't be like this forever. We Arabs say: “He who laughs first will cry later.”
Gaddafi Muammar
United Jewish-Palestinian Parliament;
Destruction of all weapons in the Middle East.
On July 14, 2004, in Tripoli, Muammar Gaddafi received the title of chess grandmaster for his assistance in organizing the 17th World Chess Championship, held in Africa for the first time in FIDE history.
In August 2008, at a meeting of more than 200 African kings, sultans, emirs, sheikhs and tribal leaders, Muammar Gaddafi was declared the “King of Kings of Africa.”
On February 2, 2009, Muammar Gaddafi was elected chairman of the African Union. In his foreign policy, the Libyan leader continued to remain committed to pan-Arabism. In an interview with Euronews in 2009, Gaddafi said: I really believe that Arab unity will be achieved one way or another. Especially because the Arab world found itself divided between alliances and major powers. Unity has shrunk to the size of a piece of paper and is carried in the wind like a feather. But perhaps the Arabs are already ripe for Arab unity. I will say it differently: I foresee the creation of the Arab-African Union.
In one of his speeches, Gaddafi said: “I will never leave the land of Libya, I will fight to the last drop of blood and die here with my forefathers as a martyr. Gaddafi is not an easy president to leave, he is the leader of the revolution and a Bedouin warrior who brought glory to the Libyans "We Libyans have resisted the US and UK in the past and will not give up now."
Hussein did everything he was asked to do. He was stripped of everything. He could only fight to the last. He had to stand with his back to the wall and fight. What else could the Americans expect from him? For him to take off his clothes and dance naked in front of them?
Gaddafi Muammar
In September 2009, Muammar Gaddafi arrived in the United States for the 64th session of the UN General Assembly. Instead of the prescribed 15 minutes, Gaddafi's speech at the podium of the General Assembly lasted an hour and a half.
The leader of the Libyan revolution announced that US President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair personally participated in the execution of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, demanded an investigation into the murders of John Kennedy and Martin Luther King, and proposed making Barack Obama US President for life. At the end of his speech, Gaddafi said: “You are already tired. You are all asleep” and left the podium with the words “You gave birth to Hitler, not us. You persecuted the Jews. And you carried out the Holocaust!
Muammar Gaddafi is the last representative of a generation of Arab nationalist revolutionaries who came to power as a result of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s.
During the unrest of 2011, in an interview with Rosbalt, Massimiliano Cricco, a professor of the history of international relations and the European political system at the Carla Bo University of Urbino (Italy), expressed the following point of view:
...and into the 1970s, 1980s, and even into the 1990s. Gaddafi did a lot for ordinary Libyans. There was a time when gasoline was free - this is how Gaddafi distributed oil revenues. He implemented a number of large projects aimed at improving people's lives: for example, he solved the problem of fresh water. However, starting in 2000, he concentrated all his attention on the international arena, trying to build relations with major powers, and in a sense forgot about his people.<…>
The world is now united in its attitude towards the Americans. This is not only due to sympathy for the Iraqi people. Americans are simply paying the price for a senseless war based on false accusations.
Gaddafi Muammar
Gaddafi, despite the fact that he himself was a military man and came to power thanks to the army, at some point radically changed the structure of the country, which became his property. Thus, he alienated the military because he turned into an undisputed leader, the “father of the country,” who did not want to tie his destiny to the army or any other structure.<…>
Gaddafi was an example of a self-made man who came to power on his own, through a revolution, overthrowing the monarchical regime, thanks to the support of the people. And suddenly he begins to appoint sons as his successors, and his regime begins to resemble the court of the overthrown King Idris I. From the head of a sovereign people, he turned into the head of a clan.
Muammar Gaddafi's family
On December 25, 1969, Muammar Gaddafi married former schoolteacher and daughter of Libyan officer Fathia Nuri Khaled. From this marriage, which ended in divorce, they had a son, Muhammad.
Gaddafi married for the second time in July 1970 to nurse Safia Farkash, from whom he had six sons: Sayf al-Islam, Saadi, Mutasim Bilal, Hannibal, Seif al-Arab and Khamis and one daughter: Aisha.
A nation whose national spirit is broken is destined to lie in ruins.
Gaddafi Muammar
One of Saadi Gaddafi's sons is a professional football player. He played for the Italian clubs Perugia and Udinese.
Daughter Aisha was part of the defense team for ousted Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. In 2004-2011 she was a UN Goodwill Ambassador; was responsible for combating the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus.
Awards and titles of Muammar Gaddafi
Sofia Medal of Honor (People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1978) - stripped of the award in 2007 in protest against the death sentence of five Bulgarian nurses accused in Libya of infecting 400 local children with HIV;
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st degree (Ukraine, 2003) - for outstanding personal contribution to the development of Ukrainian-Libyan relations;
The world perceives Arabs as if we are worthless, as if we are sheep.
Gaddafi Muammar
Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, 1st degree (Ukraine, 2008) - for outstanding personal contribution to the development of Ukrainian-Libyan relations (at the same time, the law “On State Awards of Ukraine” and the charter of the order provide for the awarding of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnytsky exclusively to citizens of Ukraine for special merits in protecting state sovereignty, territorial integrity, strengthening the defense capability and security of Ukraine);
Order of the Liberator on a chain (Venezuela, 2009).
Muammar Gaddafi was killed October 20, 2011 after the capture of Sirte by the forces of the National Transitional Council.
Muammar Gaddafi - quotes
Citizens of Libya! In response to the deepest aspirations and dreams that filled your hearts, in response to your incessant demands for change and spiritual rebirth, your long struggle in the name of these ideals, heeding your call for uprising, the army forces devoted to you took on this task and overthrew the reactionary and a corrupt regime. - Address to the citizens of Libya after the coup of September 1, 1969 
Either the foreign bases will disappear from our land, in which case the revolution will continue, or, if the bases remain, the revolution will die.
If death is a man, then one should resist him to the end, and if it is a woman, then one should yield to her at the last moment.
Terrorism is a complete fact and reality. And the most dangerous thing is that the people involved in it consider it justified.
I supported the struggle for national liberation, not terrorist movements. I supported Nelson Mandela and Sam Nujoma, who became President of Namibia. I also supported the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Today these people are received with honor in the White House. But they still consider me a terrorist. I was not wrong when I supported Mandela and the liberation movements. If colonialism returns to these countries, I will again support movements for their liberation.
Lockerbie materials and lies about MH-17
State espionage for state lies - what the Lockerbie files show about the MH17 lie
This month marks thirty years since the bombing of Pan American Flight PA 103 (photo above left), en route from London to New York. The British and American government's false story, concocted to blame Libya and justify the overthrow of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, required evidence to be falsified and the wrong man convicted in a rigged trial. It also required spying on the relatives of those who died in order to thwart their attempts to get to the truth.
The scale of the operation was revealed last week by the partial release of British government documents from the UK National Archives. Among the espionage operations uncovered were phone tapping, computer hacking and e-mail browsing.
The disclosed archived information also shows that the same methods have been used since 2014 to fabricate responsibility for the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 (photo above right) over Ukraine and justify global sanctions against Russia, plus operations to overthrow President Vladimir Putin.
But thirty years of state secrets to justify state lies is not enough to bring those responsible for those lies to justice, or to make the truth stronger than them.
Flight PA 103 was destroyed over Lockerbie, Scotland on December 21, 1988. It had taken off from London and had been flying at cruising altitude to New York for an hour when a bomb exploded in the cargo compartment. All 259 passengers on board the plane were killed, as well as 11 people on the ground.
Front pages of Murdoch newspapers: left - 24 February 2011; right - October 20, 2011
On the left there is a large headline: “Gaddafi ordered the bombing of a plane over Lockerbie”, on the right: “Gaddafi killed by a bullet in the head. This is for Lockerbie. And for Yvonne Fletcher. And for the victims of the Irish Republican Army.”
A 30-year order to withhold government documents in the case will now expire at the National Archives. A preliminary report in Murdoch's newspaper last week claimed that they had "seen" the documents, but the newspaper is not publishing them directly or in full. The documents were reported in the Scottish section of Friday's edition of The Times. There is a similar message in the Scottish Sun.
The report said officials in then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's government agreed on special, secret measures to "closely monitor" relatives of the dead passengers as they tried to investigate the facts of what happened. The newspaper report does not identify by name the Foreign Office officials whose correspondence with the Scottish Lord Advocate (Attorney General for Scotland) and Thatcher was reviewed. It also does not provide details of the surveillance and hacking operations, nor does it disclose the role that mainstream media outlets and their journalists played in the official deception.
This newspaper report appears to confirm that most of the British government's documents on the Lockerbie case continue to be withheld; the most important of them may have been destroyed to prevent them from being made public, according to victims' representatives. The Murdoch media, which led the open falsification, continues to persist.
(In the US, the lead prosecutor in the Libyan case was Robert Mueller, who is now the special counsel prosecuting alleged Russian interference in American politics. Three years after the Lockerbie attack, Mueller was the acting deputy attorney general in charge of bringing the charges in November 1991 to Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, a Libyan later convicted of the attack.)
The British Foreign Office told reporters last week: "We will not comment on the contents of our archived documents."
Additional reports in Scotland and Channel 4 in London quoted Aamer Anwar, al-Megrahi's lawyer, as saying: "It is not surprising that the intelligence services have been ordered to monitor those British relatives who have not yet given up their search for the truth... Anwar said , shockingly, the British State refused to release documents while destroying some of them during the trial: "My clients consider this an attempt to pervert the course of justice... I have written to the Lord Advocate requesting full disclosure of all relevant facts, discovered by the police."
In the MH17 case, British courts refused to open government documents or allow first-degree relatives' lawyers to establish the cause of death of the ten British citizens who died on board the plane. The decision to ban coroner's court hearings in Britain was made by the Home Secretary in July 2015 - today's Prime Minister Theresa May. Read more about how this was done here. The Australian government went further by withholding secret intelligence and briefing notes between the attorney general and the prime minister that concluded the Russian culpability position was untenable.
Similar operations to plant fabricated evidence in Murdoch publications and other mainstream media, withhold counter-evidence, as well as surveillance operations, hacking computers and discrediting alternative sources continue by Dutch and Australian intelligence services. But there is one difference. Organizations of relatives of the victims of the Lockerbie attack - mostly British and American - have proven better organized and more persistent over the years, and much more negative towards the government's version of what happened.
The downing of flight MH17 resulted in the death of 298 passengers and crew. No relatives have publicly disputed the story of Russian responsibility.
Dutch sources say they believe the Dutch Foreign Ministry and intelligence agencies have teamed up to keep the families of the MH17 victims under constant surveillance. The families were advised to instruct lawyers to pursue charges against Russian targets in local, European and American courts. They are being kept from talking to journalists who are known to be critical of the official version of what caused the plane's destruction.
Agents from Australian and possibly US intelligence agencies were visible during a hearing at the coroner's court in Melbourne, Australia, in December 2015. This was the first of only two coroner's court proceedings to take place in the world; another trial took place in Sydney in May 2016. Australian law requires coroners to investigate the deaths of 28 Australian citizens or foreign nationals with permanent residence on board flight MH17.
The front pages of Murdoch's newspapers: on the left - the London Sun, July 18, 2014; on the right is the Melbourne Herald Sun, October 14, 2015.
Headlines from left to right: "Flight MH17 shot down in the sky. Putin's missile"; "A Russian missile shot down MH17. Putin's rebels did it"
At the hearing in Melbourne, I was in court and watched as a group of government agents, men and women, worked to shield the families of the victims from requests and questions from journalists. At the back of the courtroom, journalists sat in a single row; families sat in the main rows in the procedural area. I was sitting directly behind one of the families. Just as I started asking questions of one family member, a 30-something year old woman tried to stop me, saying I was talking too loudly; however, the coroner was not present at the meeting and the trial itself was not taking place at that moment. The agent then whispered something to other family members and the conversation with me ceased.
I reported at the time: "In court, in addition to the coroner's staff, there was one government intelligence agent who hid his official identification mark under his jacket and refused to say whether he was an Australian or an American citizen. The officer, who was in his thirties, was conspicuous during a break in the trial in the court corridor. He looked like an American."
Also: "The court heard that surviving relatives of the crash victims were regularly counseled and counseled by Australian government officials. They were also instructed not to answer questions from the press, although one admitted that his family was allowed to meet with lawyers. These statements were made in evidence at the coroner's inquest by representatives of the victims. One, representing members of the Van Den Hende family - Shaliza Duval, her husband Hans Van Den Hende and their three children - Piers, 15, Marnix, 12, and daughter Margot, 8 - said, that press reports about the crash were dubious and inconclusive: "we're not sure who or what to believe."
This remark was never repeated.
PS. And also on the topic of operations of the British intelligence services. Hackers from Anonymous recently dumped the 4th package of documents on the AI operation, which contains documents on discrediting Jeremy Corbyn, Russia Today, the Skripal case, operations in Nigeria, Hungary and Armenia. The Skripal case as part of Operation AI was called “Operation Iris.” Data is provided on the payment for commissioned articles in the Skripal case and various activities that were carried out within the framework of this case to discredit the Russian Federation.
N.B. And these same pieces of s...then call the Russians "uncivilized" and suggest they "go away and shut up"... hmmm...
Slave market. Tripoli. Modern Libya, without the nightmare dictator Kadafi. Do you feel the scope of European democracy? December 2018
That feeling when the bearers of democracy killed the “dictator” and civilization came to the country...
