Muammar Gaddafi: biography, family, personal life, photo. What kind of ruler was he?

The country has been in a state of ongoing civil war for eight years now, splitting into several territories controlled by various warring factions. The Libyan Jamahiriya, the country of Muammar Gaddafi, no longer exists. Some blame this on cruelty, corruption and the previous government, mired in luxury, while others blame the military intervention of the international coalition forces under the sanction of the UN Security Council.

early years

Muammar bin Muhammad Abu Menyar Abdel Salam bin Hamid al-Gaddafi, according to some of his biographers, was born in 1942 in Tripolitania, which was the name of Libya at that time. Other experts write that the year of birth is 1940. Muammar Gaddafi himself wrote in his biography that he appeared in a Bedouin tent in the spring of 1942, then his family was roaming near Wadi Zharaf, 30 km south of the Libyan city of Sirte. Experts also give different dates - either June 7, or June 19, sometimes they just write in autumn or spring.

The family belonged to the Berber, although highly Arabized, al-Qaddafa tribe. Later, he always proudly emphasized his origin - “we Bedouins enjoyed freedom among nature.” His father herded camels and goats, wandering from place to place, his mother did housework, with the help of her three older sisters. Grandfather was killed by Italian colonists in 1911. Muammar Gaddafi was the last, sixth child in the family, and the only son.

At the age of 9 he was sent to primary school. In search of good pastures, the family constantly wandered; he had to change three schools - in Sirte, Sebha and Misrata. The poor Bedouin family did not have the money to even find a corner or find accommodation with friends. He became the only one in the family who received an education. The boy spent the night in the mosque, and on weekends he walked 30 km to visit his relatives. I also spent my holidays in the desert near the tent. Muammar Gaddafi himself recalled that they always roamed about 20 km from the coast, and he never saw the sea as a child.

Education and first revolutionary experience

After graduating from primary school, he continued his education at a secondary school in the city of Sebha, where he created an underground youth organization whose goal was to overthrow the ruling monarchical regime. After gaining independence in 1949, the country was ruled by King Idris 1. Muammar Gaddafi in his youth was an ardent admirer of the Egyptian leader and President Gamal Abdel Nasser, an adherent of socialist and pan-Arabist views.

He participated in protests in 1956 against Israeli actions during the Suez Crisis. In 1961, a school underground cell held a protest related to Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic, which ended with Gaddafi's fiery speech near the walls of the ancient city. For organizing anti-government demonstrations, he was expelled from school and expelled from the city, and he continued his education at a school in Misrata.

Information about further education is extremely contradictory; according to some sources, he studied at the Faculty of Law of the University of Libya, which he graduated in 1964 and then entered the military academy. Afterwards he served in the active army and was sent to study armored vehicles in the UK.

According to other sources, after graduating from high school he studied at a military school in Libya, then continued his education at a military school in Bounington Heath (England). Sometimes they write that while studying at the university, he simultaneously attended a course of lectures at the military academy in Benghazi.

During his years at university, Muammar Gaddafi founded the secret organization "Free Unionist Socialist Officers", copying the name from the organization of his political idol Nasser "Free Officers" and also proclaiming an armed seizure of power as its goal.

Preparation of an armed coup

The first meeting of the organization took place in 1964, on the sea coast, near the village of Tolmeita, under the slogans of the Egyptian revolution “Freedom, socialism, unity.” Cadets in deep underground began to prepare an armed coup. Muammar Gaddafi later wrote that the formation of the political consciousness of his circle was influenced by the national struggle that unfolded in the Arab world. And the first realized Arab unity of Syria and Egypt was of particular importance (for about 3.5 years they existed within one state).

The revolutionary work was carefully kept under wraps. As one of the active participants in the coup, Rifi Ali Sherif, recalled, he knew only Gaddafi and the platoon commander personally. Despite the fact that the cadets had to report where they were going and who they were meeting, they found opportunities to engage in illegal work. Gaddafi was very popular among cadets due to his sociability, thoughtfulness and ability to behave impeccably. At the same time, he was in good standing with his superiors, who considered him an “incorrigible dreamer.” Many members of the organization had no idea that the exemplary cadet was leading a revolutionary movement. He was distinguished by outstanding organizational skills and the ability to accurately determine the capabilities of each new member of the underground. The organization had at least two officers in each military camp, who collected information about the units and reported on the mood of the personnel.

After receiving a military education in 1965, he was sent to serve with the rank of lieutenant in the signal troops at the Gar Younes military base. A year later, after undergoing retraining in the UK, he was promoted to captain. During the internship, he became close friends with his future closest ally Abu Bakr Yunis Jaber. Unlike other listeners, they strictly followed Muslim customs, did not participate in pleasure trips and did not drink alcohol.

At the head of a coup d'etat

The general plan for the military putsch, codenamed “El-Quds” (“Jerusalem”), was prepared by officers already in January 1969, but the start date of the operation was postponed three times for various reasons. At this time, Gaddafi served as adjutant of the Signal Corps (signal troops). In the early morning of September 1, 1969 (at that time the king was undergoing treatment in Turkey), military units of the conspirators simultaneously began to seize government and military facilities in the largest cities of the country, including Benghazi and Tripoli. All entrances to foreign military bases were blocked in advance.

In the biography of Muammar Gaddafi, this was one of the most crucial moments; he, at the head of a group of rebels, had to seize a radio station and broadcast a message to the people. His task also included preparing for possible foreign intervention or violent resistance within the country. Having set out at 2:30, the capture group led by Captain Gaddafi in several vehicles occupied the Benghazi radio station by 4 a.m. As Muammar recalled later, from the hill where the station was located, he saw columns of trucks with soldiers coming from the port towards the city, and then he realized that they had won.

At exactly 7:00 am, Gaddafi issued an address, now known as “Communique No. 1,” in which he announced that the army, fulfilling the dreams and aspirations of the people of Libya, had overthrown a reactionary and corrupt regime that shocked everyone and caused negative emotions.

At the pinnacle of power

The monarchy was abolished, and a temporary supreme body of state power was created to govern the country - the Revolutionary Command Council, which included 11 officers. The name of the state was changed from the United Kingdom of Libya to the Libyan Arab Republic. A week after the coup, the 27-year-old captain was appointed to the country's armed forces with the rank of colonel, which he held until his death. Until 1979, he was the only colonel in Libya.

In October 1969, Gaddafi, at a mass rally, announced the policy principles on which the state would be built: the complete elimination of foreign military bases in Libya, positive neutrality, Arab and national unity, and a ban on the activities of all political parties.

In 1970 he became prime minister and minister of defense of the country. The first thing that Muammar Gaddafi and the new government led by him did was the liquidation of the American and British military bases. On the “day of revenge” for the colonial war, 20 thousand Italians were evicted from the country, their property was confiscated, and the graves of Italian soldiers were destroyed. All lands of expelled colonists were nationalized. In 1969-1971, all foreign banks and oil companies were also nationalized, and 51% of assets in local companies were transferred to the state.

In 1973, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi announced the beginning of a cultural revolution. As he himself explained, unlike the Chinese, they did not try to introduce something new, but, on the contrary, proposed a return to the old Arab and Islamic heritage. All laws of the country had to comply with the norms of Islamic law, and an administrative reform was planned aimed at eradicating bureaucratization and corruption in the state apparatus.

Third world theory

While in power, he begins to develop a concept in which he formulated his political and socio-economic views and which he contrasted with the two dominant ideologies at that time - capitalist and socialist. Therefore, it was called the “Third World Theory” and outlined in the “Green Book” of Muammar Gaddafi. His views were a combination of the ideas of Islam and the theoretical views of the direct rule of the people of the Russian anarchists Bakunin and Kropotkin.

Soon, administrative reform was started, in accordance with the new concept, all bodies began to be called people's, for example, ministries - people's commissariats, embassies - people's bureaus. Since the people became the dominant force, the position of head of state was abolished. Gaddafi was officially called the Leader of the Libyan Revolution.

In the face of internal resistance, several military coups and assassination attempts were prevented, Colonel Gaddafi took tough measures to eliminate dissent. The prisons were overcrowded with dissidents, and many opponents of the regime were killed, some in other countries to which they had fled.

At the beginning of his reign and even until the 90s, Muammar Gaddafi did a lot to improve the living standards of the country's population. Large-scale projects were implemented to develop health and education systems, irrigation and public housing construction. In 1968, 73% of Libyans were illiterate; in the first decade, several dozen centers for the dissemination of knowledge, national cultural centers, hundreds of libraries and reading rooms were opened. By 1977, the literacy rate of the population had risen to 51%, and by 2009 the figure was already 86.8%. From 1970 to 1980, modern housing was provided to 80% of those in need, who had previously lived in huts and tents, and 180 thousand apartments were built for this purpose.

In foreign policy, he advocated the creation of a single pan-Arab state, seeking to unite all North African Arab states, and later promoted the idea of creating the United States of Africa. Despite the declared positive neutrality, Libya fought with Chad and Egypt, and Libyan troops participated in intra-African military conflicts several times. Gaddafi supported many revolutionary movements and groups and long held strong anti-American and anti-Israeli views.

Chief Terrorist

In 1986, an explosion occurred at the La Belle discotheque in West Berlin, very popular among the American military, killing three people and injuring 200 others. Based on intercepted messages, where Gaddafi called for inflicting maximum damage on the Americans, and one of them revealed the details of the terrorist attack, Libya was accused of promoting global terrorism. The US President gave the order to bomb Tripoli.

As a result of terrorist attacks:

in December 1988, a Boeing flying from London to New York exploded in the sky over the town of Lockerbie in southern Scotland (killing 270 people);
In September 1989, a DC-10 plane flying from Brazzaville to Paris with 170 passengers on board was blown up in the skies over Niger, Africa.

In both cases, Western intelligence agencies found traces of Libyan secret services. The evidence collected was enough for the UN Security Council to impose tough sanctions against the Jamahiriya in 1992. Sales of many types of technological equipment were banned, and Libyan assets in Western countries were frozen.

As a result, in 2003, Libya recognized the responsibility of government officials for the Lockerbie terrorist attack and paid compensation to the relatives of the victims. In the same year, sanctions were lifted, relations with Western countries improved so much that Gaddafi began to be suspected of financing the election campaigns of French President Nicolas Sarkozy and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Photos of Muammar Gaddafi with these and other world politicians adorned magazines of the leading countries of the world.

Civil War

In February 2011, the Arab Spring reached Libya; protests began in Benghazi, which escalated into clashes with the police. The unrest spread to other cities in the east of the country. Government forces, backed by mercenaries, brutally suppressed the protests. However, soon the entire east of Libya was under the control of the rebels, the country was divided into two parts controlled by different tribes.

On the night of March 17-18, the UN Security Council authorized the taking of any measures to protect the Libyan population, with the exception of ground operations, and flights of Libyan aircraft were also prohibited. The very next day, US and French aircraft began launching missile and bomb attacks to protect civilians. Gaddafi repeatedly appeared on television, either threatening or offering a truce. On August 23, the rebels captured the country's capital, the Transitional National Council was formed, which was recognized as the legitimate government by several dozen countries, including Russia. Due to the threat to his life, Muammar Gaddafi managed to move to the city of Sirte about 12 days before the fall of Tripoli.

Libyan leader's last day

On the morning of October 20, 2011, the rebels stormed Sirte, Gaddafi and the remnants of his guard tried to break through to the south, to Niger, where they promised to give him shelter. However, a convoy of about 75 vehicles was bombed by NATO aircraft. When a small personal motorcade of the former Libyan leader separated from her, he, too, came under fire.

The rebels captured the wounded Gaddafi, the crowd began to mock him, poke him with a machine gun, and stuck a knife in his buttock. Bloodied, he was placed on the hood of a car and continued to be tortured until he died. Footage of these last minutes of the Libyan leader has been included in many documentaries about Muammar Gaddafi. Several of his comrades and his son Murtasim died along with him. Their bodies were put on display in an industrial refrigerator in Misurata, then taken out into the desert and buried in a secret location.

A fairy tale with a bad ending

Muammar Gaddafi's life was spent in unimaginable sophisticated oriental luxury, surrounded by gold, a guard of virgins, even the plane was inlaid with silver. He loved gold very much; he made a sofa, a Kalashnikov assault rifle, a golf cart and even a fly swatter from this metal. Libyan media estimated their leader's fortune at $200 billion. In addition to numerous villas, houses and entire towns, he owned shares in large European banks, companies and even the Juventus football club. During his trips abroad, Gaddafi always took with him a Bedouin tent in which he held official meetings. Live camels were always carried along with him so that he could drink a glass of fresh milk for breakfast.

The Libyan leader was always surrounded by a dozen beautiful bodyguards who were required to wear high-heeled shoes and have perfect makeup. Muammar Gaddafi's security was recruited from girls who had no sexual experience. At first, everyone believed that such security had greater intuition. However, later in the Western press they began to write that girls also serve for love pleasures. This may be true, but the security worked conscientiously. In 1998, when unknown persons fired at Gaddafi, the main bodyguard Aisha covered him with herself and died. Photos of Muammar Gaddafi with his guards were very popular in Western tabloids.

The leader of the Jamaheria himself always said that he was against polygamy. Muammar Gaddafi's first wife, Fathia Nuri Khaled, was a school teacher. In this marriage a son, Muhammad, was born. After the divorce, he married Safia Farkash, with whom he had seven children of his own and two adopted ones. Four children were killed in Western coalition airstrikes and at the hands of rebels. A potential successor, 44-year-old Saif, tried to cross from Libya to Niger, but was captured and imprisoned in the city of Zintan. He was later released and is now trying to negotiate with tribal leaders and community leaders to formulate a common program. The wife and other children of Muammar Gaddafi managed to move to Algeria.

Well, about the fact that the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi killed, everyone already knows. Many have seen the disgusting video, so to speak, illustrating this terrible act. They caught him and brutally killed him. He was called the Father of Jamahiriya, he was a tyrant and dictator, but his merits were great. Many former partners immediately turned their backs on him. Two rulers of our neighboring country spoke out about how “how is it possible to show such atrocities on TV,” that is, they were outraged by the fact of the show, but not by the fact of what was done. Hypocrites. And scoundrels. In a word, everything is not very good in the world when this happens. Who did Gaddafi interfere with? Americans? Yes. He was undesirable and was “removed.” Some countries condemned NATO's interference in Libya's sovereign affairs, but they did not help Libya either, adopting the position of an “observer.” But, first, I think it’s worth focusing on the person: who is he - Muammar Gaddafi?

Gaddafi came to power in 1969 after the overthrow of King Idris I. He developed the concept Jamahiriya (power of the masses), which he tried to build in Libya - a socialist society based on Islam, morality and patriotism. In 1980-1990, Gaddafi maintained an irreconcilable position towards the West. He is believed to be responsible for the 1986 La Belle discotheque bombing in West Berlin and the 1988 Pan Am Boeing 747 bombing over Scotland. Although Gaddafi denied personal involvement in the terrorist attacks, Libya lived for 10 years under harsh international sanctions. They began to soften in 2003, when Gaddafi agreed that Libyan officials were behind the bombings. After this, the country was able to sell oil to the West, and the standard of living rose. In February of this year, the first protests against Gaddafi began in eastern Libya. A month later, the West supported the rebels with bombings. And at the end of August the revolutionaries took Tripoli. Gaddafi continued his resistance until recently in his hometown of Sirte, where he was killed.

— He admitted that the terrorist attacks were the work of the Libyan elite, yes. But, unlike other terrorists, senselessly, “for an idea” or just like that, killing thousands of people, he was a real charismatic leader of his country, which under his leadership achieved a high standard of living. Now this level will begin to fall...

Gaddafi is a very controversial person, some consider him a terrorist, others consider him a victim. I think the truth, as always, is somewhere in the middle - neither one nor the other. How can you characterize it? What characterizes the leader of a country? That's right - the economic, social and cultural situation in the country. Let's see what happened in Libya under Muammar Gaddafi:

1. Having come to power, he expelled international corporations from the country.
2. Closed NATO military bases
3. GDP per capita - $14,192.
4. The state pays $1,000 in subsidies per year for each family member.
5. Unemployment benefits - $730.
6. Nurse's salary - $1,000.
7. $7,000 is paid for each newborn.
8. Newlyweds are given $64,000 to buy an apartment.
9. One-time financial assistance for opening a personal business - $20,000.
10. Large taxes and levies are prohibited.
11. Education and medicine are free.
12. Education and internship abroad - at the expense of the state.
13. A chain of stores for large families with symbolic prices for basic food products.
14. For the sale of products with an expired expiration date - heavy fines and detention by special police units.
15. Some pharmacies dispense medications free of charge.
16. For counterfeiting medicines - the death penalty. (!)
17. Rent - no.
18. There is no payment for electricity for the population.
19. The sale and consumption of alcohol is prohibited - “prohibition”.
20. Loans for the purchase of a car and an apartment are interest-free.
21. Real estate services are prohibited.
22. The purchase of a car is paid for up to 50% by the state, for militia fighters - 65%.
23. Gasoline is cheaper than water. 1 liter of gasoline - $0.14
24. Only under Muammar did the blacks of southern Libya gain human rights.
25. During the forty years of his reign, the population of Libya tripled.
26. Child mortality decreased by 9 times.
27. Life expectancy in the country has increased from 51.5 to 74.5 years.
28. Gadaffi decided to withdraw Libya from the world banking system and 12 more Arab countries wanted to follow his example.

Muammar Gaddafi(Muammar Gaddafi) - Libyan statesman, leader of the Libyan revolution of 1969, head of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In 1969-1977 Chairman of the Council of the Revolutionary Command. In 1970-1972 he was Prime Minister, in 1977-1979 he was Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya. Commanded the Libyan Armed Forces. He took part in the Egyptian-Libyan War.

Muammar Gaddafi was born June 7, 1942, in a Bedouin tent 30 km south of the city of Sirte, in Libya, in a Bedouin family belonging to the Arabized Berber tribe of al-Qaddafa. Father - Muhammad Abu Menyar. Mother - Aisha ben Niran. His grandfather was killed in 1911 by an Italian colonist. At the age of 9, Muammar went to primary school. Following his father, who was constantly wandering in search of new, more fertile lands, Muammar changed three schools: in Sirte, Sebha and Misrata.

Encouraging a woman to do men's work means encroaching on the femininity given to her by nature for the sake of the need to continue life.

In 1959, an underground organization was created in Sebha, one of whose activists was Gaddafi. On October 5, 1961, the organization held a protest demonstration against Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic, which ended with a speech near the ancient wall of the city by the main organizer of the event, Muammar Gaddafi. A few days later he was expelled from Sebha's boarding school.

While still a schoolboy, Gaddafi participated in an underground political organization and held anti-colonial demonstrations against Italy. In 1961, Muammar created an underground organization whose goal was to overthrow the monarchy, as in neighboring Egypt. In October of the same year, a youth demonstration in support of the Algerian revolution began in the city of Sebha. It immediately grew into a mass anti-monarchist uprising. The organizer and leader of the demonstration was Gaddafi. For this he was arrested and then expelled from the city. I had to continue my studies in Misrata. There he entered the local lyceum, which he successfully graduated in 1963.

If there were still Russia in the world, real Russia, a united and great Russia that defended the weak, you would not dare. But it is not there, it is not there, and you triumph. But you forgot one thing: life has a way of unfolding, and a lot can happen in the future.

Served in the Libyan army. In the 1960s, he was an active member of the anti-monarchist movement, the leader of the Free Officers organization, whose ideology became “Islamic socialism.”

In 1965 Muammar Gaddafi He graduated from the military college in Benghazi with the rank of lieutenant, then in 1966 he underwent retraining in Great Britain and was then promoted to captain.

In September 1969, Gaddafi led a military rebellion that overthrew King Idris I. The Revolutionary Command Council, led by Gaddafi, came to power in the country. In 1977, the country received the name Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The former governing bodies (the Revolutionary Command Council and the government) were dissolved and replaced by people's committees.

On January 16, 1970, Muammar Gaddafi became prime minister and minister of defense. One of the first actions of the new leadership of the country headed by Gaddafi was the evacuation of foreign military bases from Libyan territory. He then said: “Either the foreign bases will disappear from our land, in which case the revolution will continue, or, if the bases remain, the revolution will die.” In April, the withdrawal of troops from the British naval base in Tobruk was completed, and in June - from the largest American air force base in the region, Wheelus Field, on the outskirts of Tripoli.

A state is an artificial political, economic, and sometimes military device that is in no way connected with the concept of humanity and has nothing to do with it.

Gaddafi Muammar

On October 7 of the same year, all 20 thousand Italians were expelled from Libya. This day was declared the “day of vengeance.” In addition, the graves of Italian soldiers were dug up as revenge for the brutal colonial war waged by Fascist Italy in the 1920s.

During 1969-1971, foreign banks and all Italian-owned land property were nationalized. The state also nationalized the property of foreign oil companies; the remaining oil companies were nationalized by 51%.

On April 15, 1973, during his speech in Zouar, Muammar Gaddafi proclaimed a cultural revolution, which included five points:

Have you seen the constitutions of countries around the world? They are funny and scandalous. Some people wrote a book and are imposing it on society. And then they easily change it many times according to the needs of the rulers.

Gaddafi Muammar

repealing all existing laws passed by the previous monarchical regime and replacing them with laws based on Sharia;

repression of communism and conservatism, purging all political oppositionists - those who opposed or resisted the revolution, such as communists, atheists, members of the Muslim Brotherhood, defenders of capitalism and agents of Western propaganda;

the distribution of weapons among the people in such a way that public resistance would protect the revolution;

administrative reform to end excessive bureaucratization, overreach and bribery;

encouraging Islamic thought, rejecting any ideas that do not conform to it, especially ideas imported from other countries and cultures.

If there was no electricity, we would watch TV in the dark.

Gaddafi Muammar

In the 1980s, the administration of US President Ronald Reagan accused the regime of Muammar Gaddafi of supporting terrorism (the main accusation was the involvement of Libyan intelligence services in organizing the bombing of an airplane over the Scottish city of Lockerbie). Libya found itself in international isolation. Only after Gaddafi agreed to hand over two suspects in this terrorist attack in the late 1990s did the process of returning the country to the world community begin.

During Muammar's reign, Libya was repeatedly accused of interfering in the affairs of foreign countries. In 1977, there was a border war with Egypt, and in the 1980s the country was drawn into an armed conflict in Chad. As a supporter of pan-Arabism, Gaddafi made efforts to unite Libya with a number of countries, which ended unsuccessfully. He provided support to numerous national liberation, revolutionary and terrorist organizations around the world. High-profile terrorist attacks with a Libyan imprint led to the bombing of the country in 1986 and the imposition of sanctions in the 1990s.

I'm not a dictator who can shut down Facebook. I will simply put everyone who visits this site in jail.

Gaddafi Muammar

Islam in Libya is the state religion, and the influence of the Muslim clergy is limited. Direct democracy has been proclaimed in the country; revenues from oil sales make it possible to maintain a high standard of living for Libyans. The presence of foreign capital in Libya has been reduced, large and medium-sized enterprises have been nationalized.

The main principle of the state structure of Libya: “Power, wealth and weapons are in the hands of the people” Gaddafi formulated and justified in the three-volume work “Green Book” (1976), which replaces the country’s constitution.

The Gaddafi regime in the 1970s-1990s had much in common with other similar post-colonial regimes in Africa and the Middle East. Rich in natural resources, but poor, backward, tribalist Libya, from which the attributes of Western life were expelled in the first years of Gaddafi's rule, was declared a country with a special path of development. The official ideology was a mixture of extreme ethnic nationalism, rent-seeking planned socialism, state Islam and a military dictatorship of the “left” with Gaddafi at the head, with declared collegiality of management and “democracy”. Despite this, and also despite the fact that Gaddafi supported various radical political movements at different times, his policies within the country during these years were relatively moderate. The regime was supported by the army, the state apparatus and the rural population, for whom these institutions were virtually the only mechanism for social mobility.

If human society ever becomes a society without a family, it will be a society of vagabonds and will be like an artificial plant.

Gaddafi Muammar

Muammar Gaddafi maintained close ties with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Both leaders tried to build a socialist society based on Islam, morality and patriotism. However, the deterioration of relations with Egypt after the death of Nasser and the rapprochement of his successor Sadat with the United States and Israel prompted Gaddafi to formulate his own ideology in the early 70s.

In the mid-1970s, the orientation of Libya's foreign policy towards the USSR was already obvious, while Egypt was increasingly inclined to cooperate with Western countries and entered into dialogue with Israel. The policies of Egyptian President Sadat caused a negative reaction from Arab countries, including Libya.

On March 2, 1977, at an emergency session of the General People's Congress (GPC) of Libya, held in Sebha, the “Sebha Declaration” was promulgated, proclaiming the establishment of a new form of government - the Jamahiriya (from the Arabic “jamahir” - the masses). The Libyan Republic received its new name - “Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya” (SNLAD).

To be honest, I would really like to leave, but it is no longer up to me. If I were king or president, things would be different. But I am a revolutionary.

In 1997, Muammar Gaddafi published the book “Long Live the State of the Oppressed!”, and later a collection of parable stories “Village, Village, Earth, Earth and the Suicide of an Astronaut”

Assassinations and plots against Muammar Gaddafi

During the years of his reign, several assassination attempts were made on Muammar Gaddafi. The most famous assassination attempts and conspiracies against Colonel Gaddafi include:

In June 1975, during a military parade, an unsuccessful attempt was made to fire at the podium where Muammar Gaddafi was sitting.

In 1981, conspirators from the Libyan Air Force made an unsuccessful attempt to shoot down the plane on which Gaddafi was returning to Tripoli from the USSR.

In December 1981, Colonel Khalifa Qadir shot at Muammar Gaddafi, slightly wounding him in the shoulder.

In November 1985, Gaddafi's relative Colonel Hassan Ishkal, who intended to kill the Libyan leader in Sirte, was executed.

In 1989, during the visit of Syrian President Hafez al-Assad to Libya, Gaddafi was attacked by a fanatic armed with a sword. The attacker was shot dead by security.

Countries such as the United States, India, China and the Russian Federation need the Jamahiriya. And they need it immediately.

Gaddafi Muammar

In 1996, while Gaddafi's motorcade was passing along a street in the city of Sirte, a car was blown up. The Libyan leader was not injured, but six people died as a result of the assassination attempt. Later, British intelligence service MI5 agent David Shayler said that the British secret service MI6 was behind the assassination attempt.

In 1998, near the Libyan-Egyptian border, unknown persons fired at the Libyan leader, but the main bodyguard Aisha covered Muammar Gaddafi with herself and died; seven more guards were injured. Gaddafi himself was slightly wounded in the elbow.

In June 2003, at a national congress, Muammar Gaddafi announced the country's new course towards “people's capitalism”; at the same time, the privatization of the oil and related industries was announced.

In August 2003, Muammar Gaddafi published a “White Paper”, in which he outlined his ideas for resolving the Middle East conflict, in particular, the creation of a united Jewish-Muslim state “Izratina”. The Algathafi website in Hebrew presented Gaddafi's plan and also stated on what principles this state should be created:

Return of Palestinian refugees to their lands

A multinational state organized on the Lebanese model;

Free elections under UN supervision;

I am convinced that the United States is heading towards an abyss. At first, the Americans enjoyed one victory after another. But it can't be like this forever. We Arabs say: “He who laughs first will cry later.”

Gaddafi Muammar

United Jewish-Palestinian Parliament;

Destruction of all weapons in the Middle East.

On July 14, 2004, in Tripoli, Muammar Gaddafi received the title of chess grandmaster for his assistance in organizing the 17th World Chess Championship, held in Africa for the first time in FIDE history.

In August 2008, at a meeting of more than 200 African kings, sultans, emirs, sheikhs and tribal leaders, Muammar Gaddafi was declared the “King of Kings of Africa.”

On February 2, 2009, Muammar Gaddafi was elected chairman of the African Union. In his foreign policy, the Libyan leader continued to remain committed to pan-Arabism. In an interview with Euronews in 2009, Gaddafi said: I really believe that Arab unity will be achieved one way or another. Especially because the Arab world found itself divided between alliances and major powers. Unity has shrunk to the size of a piece of paper and is carried in the wind like a feather. But perhaps the Arabs are already ripe for Arab unity. I will say it differently: I foresee the creation of the Arab-African Union.

In one of his speeches, Gaddafi said: “I will never leave the land of Libya, I will fight to the last drop of blood and die here with my forefathers as a martyr. Gaddafi is not an easy president to leave, he is the leader of the revolution and a Bedouin warrior who brought glory to the Libyans "We Libyans have resisted the US and UK in the past and will not give up now."

Hussein did everything he was asked to do. He was stripped of everything. He could only fight to the last. He had to stand with his back to the wall and fight. What else could the Americans expect from him? For him to take off his clothes and dance naked in front of them?

Gaddafi Muammar

In September 2009, Muammar Gaddafi arrived in the United States for the 64th session of the UN General Assembly. Instead of the prescribed 15 minutes, Gaddafi's speech at the podium of the General Assembly lasted an hour and a half.

The leader of the Libyan revolution announced that US President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair personally participated in the execution of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, demanded an investigation into the murders of John Kennedy and Martin Luther King, and proposed making Barack Obama US President for life. At the end of his speech, Gaddafi said: “You are already tired. You are all asleep” and left the podium with the words “You gave birth to Hitler, not us. You persecuted the Jews. And you carried out the Holocaust!

Muammar Gaddafi is the last representative of a generation of Arab nationalist revolutionaries who came to power as a result of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s.

During the unrest of 2011, in an interview with Rosbalt, Massimiliano Cricco, a professor of the history of international relations and the European political system at the Carla Bo University of Urbino (Italy), expressed the following point of view:

...and into the 1970s, 1980s, and even into the 1990s. Gaddafi did a lot for ordinary Libyans. There was a time when gasoline was free - this is how Gaddafi distributed oil revenues. He implemented a number of large projects aimed at improving people's lives: for example, he solved the problem of fresh water. However, starting in 2000, he concentrated all his attention on the international arena, trying to build relations with major powers, and in a sense forgot about his people.<…>

The world is now united in its attitude towards the Americans. This is not only due to sympathy for the Iraqi people. Americans are simply paying the price for a senseless war based on false accusations.

Gaddafi Muammar

Gaddafi, despite the fact that he himself was a military man and came to power thanks to the army, at some point radically changed the structure of the country, which became his property. Thus, he alienated the military because he turned into an undisputed leader, the “father of the country,” who did not want to tie his destiny to the army or any other structure.<…>

Gaddafi was an example of a self-made man who came to power on his own, through a revolution, overthrowing the monarchical regime, thanks to the support of the people. And suddenly he begins to appoint sons as his successors, and his regime begins to resemble the court of the overthrown King Idris I. From the head of a sovereign people, he turned into the head of a clan.

Muammar Gaddafi's family

On December 25, 1969, Muammar Gaddafi married former schoolteacher and daughter of Libyan officer Fathia Nuri Khaled. From this marriage, which ended in divorce, they had a son, Muhammad.

Gaddafi married for the second time in July 1970 to nurse Safia Farkash, from whom he had six sons: Sayf al-Islam, Saadi, Mutasim Bilal, Hannibal, Seif al-Arab and Khamis and one daughter: Aisha.

A nation whose national spirit is broken is destined to lie in ruins.

Gaddafi Muammar

One of Saadi Gaddafi's sons is a professional football player. He played for the Italian clubs Perugia and Udinese.

Daughter Aisha was part of the defense team for ousted Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. In 2004-2011 she was a UN Goodwill Ambassador; was responsible for combating the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus.

Awards and titles of Muammar Gaddafi

Sofia Medal of Honor (People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1978) - stripped of the award in 2007 in protest against the death sentence of five Bulgarian nurses accused in Libya of infecting 400 local children with HIV;

Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st degree (Ukraine, 2003) - for outstanding personal contribution to the development of Ukrainian-Libyan relations;

The world perceives Arabs as if we are worthless, as if we are sheep.

Gaddafi Muammar

Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, 1st degree (Ukraine, 2008) - for outstanding personal contribution to the development of Ukrainian-Libyan relations (at the same time, the law “On State Awards of Ukraine” and the charter of the order provide for the awarding of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnytsky exclusively to citizens of Ukraine for special merits in protecting state sovereignty, territorial integrity, strengthening the defense capability and security of Ukraine);

Order of the Liberator on a chain (Venezuela, 2009).

Muammar Gaddafi was killed October 20, 2011 after the capture of Sirte by the forces of the National Transitional Council.

Muammar Gaddafi - quotes

Citizens of Libya! In response to the deepest aspirations and dreams that filled your hearts, in response to your incessant demands for change and spiritual rebirth, your long struggle in the name of these ideals, heeding your call for uprising, the army forces devoted to you took on this task and overthrew the reactionary and a corrupt regime. - Address to the citizens of Libya after the coup of September 1, 1969

Either the foreign bases will disappear from our land, in which case the revolution will continue, or, if the bases remain, the revolution will die.

If death is a man, then one should resist him to the end, and if it is a woman, then one should yield to her at the last moment.

Terrorism is a complete fact and reality. And the most dangerous thing is that the people involved in it consider it justified.

I supported the struggle for national liberation, not terrorist movements. I supported Nelson Mandela and Sam Nujoma, who became President of Namibia. I also supported the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Today these people are received with honor in the White House. But they still consider me a terrorist. I was not wrong when I supported Mandela and the liberation movements. If colonialism returns to these countries, I will again support movements for their liberation.

Muammar Mohammed Abdel Salam Hamid Abu Menyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر القذافي). Born June 7 (June 19), 1940 or September 1942 in Sirte (Misrata, Italian Libya) - died October 20, 2011 in Sirte (Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya). Libyan statesman and military leader, politician and publicist; de facto head of Libya in 1969-2011, Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (1969-1977), Prime Minister and Minister of Defense of Libya (1970-1972), Secretary General of the General People's Congress (1977-1979); Colonel (since 1969), Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Libyan Armed Forces (1969-2011). After Gaddafi refused all posts, he began to be called the Brotherly Leader and Leader of the First September Great Revolution of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or the Brotherly Leader and Leader of the Revolution.

Having overthrown the monarchy, he later formulated the “Third World Theory”, set out in his three-volume work “The Green Book”, establishing a new political regime (or, as some authors believe, a form of government) in Libya - “Jamahiriyya” (Arabic: جماهيرية‎‎) . The Libyan leadership allocated revenues from oil production to social needs, which made it possible by the mid-1970s to implement large-scale programs for the construction of public housing, the development of healthcare and education. On the other hand, Libya during the reign of Gaddafi was repeatedly accused of interfering in the affairs of foreign countries.

In 1977, there was a border military conflict with Egypt, and in the 1980s the country was embroiled in a civil war in Chad. As a supporter of pan-Arabism, Gaddafi made efforts to unite Libya with a number of countries, which ended unsuccessfully. He provided financial and other support to numerous national liberation, revolutionary and terrorist organizations around the world.

High-profile terrorist attacks, for which the Libyan leadership was blamed, became the formal basis for the American bombing of the country in 1986 and the imposition of sanctions in the 1990s.

On June 27, 2011, during the civil war in Libya, the International Criminal Court ordered the arrest of Muammar Gaddafi on charges of murder, unlawful arrest and detention. During the civil war, opposition forces, with the military intervention of NATO, gradually established control over the country. Killed on October 20, 2011 during the capture of Sirte by the forces of the Transitional National Council.

The overthrow of Gaddafi, which took place under democratic slogans, marked the beginning of a period of instability and armed struggle for power in Libya, leading to the actual disintegration of the country into a number of independent state entities, the growth of the influence of Islamists and tribalism.

Muammar Gaddafi was born in 1940 or 1942 (June 7 or June 19, either in spring or September) in a tent in Wadi Zharaf south of the city of Sirte into a Bedouin family belonging to the Arabized Berber tribe of al-Gaddafa.

Subsequently, Gaddafi repeatedly emphasized his Bedouin origin: “We, the sons of the desert, placed our tents at a distance of at least twenty kilometers from the coast. In my early childhood I never saw the sea.”

He was the last child and only son in the family. His grandfather was killed in 1911 by an Italian colonist. Recalling his childhood, Gaddafi said: “We Bedouins enjoyed freedom among nature, everything was pristinely pure... There were no barriers between us and the sky.”.

At the age of 9 he went to primary school. Following his father, who was constantly wandering in search of new, more fertile lands, Muammar changed three schools: in Sirte, Sebha and Misrata. The father later recalled: “I didn’t have the money to find a place for my son in Sirte or to entrust him to my friends. He spent the night in the mosque, came 30 kilometers away on weekends to visit us, spent his holidays in the desert, near a tent.”.

In his youth, Muammar Gaddafi was an admirer of Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser; participated in anti-Israel protests during the Suez Crisis in 1956.

In 1959, an underground organization was created in Sebkha, one of whose activists was Gaddafi. On October 5, 1961, the organization held a protest demonstration against Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic, which ended with a speech near the ancient wall of the city by the main organizer of the event, Muammar Gaddafi. A few days later he was expelled from Sebha's boarding school. In 1962 he graduated from the Faculty of History of the University of Benghazi.

As a schoolboy, he participated in an underground political organization and conducted anti-colonial demonstrations against Italy. In 1961, Muammar created an underground organization whose goal was to overthrow the monarchy, as in neighboring Egypt. In October of the same year, a youth demonstration in support of the Algerian revolution began in the city of Sebha. It immediately grew into a mass anti-monarchist uprising. The organizer and leader of the demonstration was Gaddafi. For this he was arrested and then expelled from the city. I had to continue my studies in Misrata. There he entered the local lyceum, which he successfully graduated in 1963.

In 1965, Muammar Gaddafi graduated from the military college in Benghazi with the rank of lieutenant and began serving in the signal forces at the Ghar Younes military camp, then in 1966 he underwent retraining in Great Britain and was then promoted to captain. During their internship in Great Britain, lieutenants Gaddafi and Abu Bakr Yunis Jaber stood out among the group of Libyan officers for their strict adherence to Islamic customs, refusing alcohol and pleasure trips. Before the overthrow of the monarchy in Libya in the fall of 1969, he served in the engineering forces.

In 1964, under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi, on the seashore near the village of Tolmeyta, the 1st congress of the organization was held, called the Free Unionist Socialist Officers (OSUS), which adopted the slogans of the Egyptian revolution of 1952, “Freedom, socialism, unity.” In the underground, OSOYUS began preparing for a coup.

In general terms, the plan for the officers' performance was developed already in January 1969, but the three times scheduled dates for Operation El-Quds (Jerusalem) - March 12 and 24, as well as August 13 - were postponed for various reasons. Early in the morning of September 1, detachments of USSR members led by Captain Gaddafi simultaneously began protests in Benghazi, Tripoli and other cities of the country. They quickly established control over major government and military installations. All entrances to American bases were blocked in advance. King Idris I was undergoing treatment in Turkey at that time.

At 7:00 the famous “Communique No. 1” was broadcast, beginning with Gaddafi’s words: "Citizens of Libya! In response to the deepest aspirations and dreams that filled your hearts. In response to your ceaseless demands for change and spiritual rebirth, your long struggle for the sake of these ideals. Heeding your call for uprising, the army forces loyal to you have taken upon themselves this task and overthrew a reactionary and corrupt regime, the stench of which sickened and shocked us all..."

Captain Gaddafi further said: “Everyone who witnessed the sacred struggle of our hero Omar al-Mukhtar for Libya, Arabism and Islam! All who fought on the side of Ahmed ash-Sherif in the name of bright ideals... All the sons of the desert and our ancient cities, our green fields and beautiful villages - forward!”.

One of the first was the announcement of the creation of the highest body of state power - the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC). The monarchy was overthrown. The country received a new name - the Libyan Arab Republic. On September 8, the SRK decided to award the 27-year-old Captain Gaddafi the rank of colonel and appointed him supreme commander of the country's armed forces. He remained in this rank for the rest of his life (until 1979 he was the only colonel in the country).

Muammar Gaddafi became the chairman of the SRC. The SRK included 11 officers who participated in the coup: Abdel Salam Jelloud, Abu Bakr Yunis Jaber, Awwad Hamza, Bashir Hawwadi, Omar Moheishi, Mustafa al-Kharrubi, Muhammad Najm, Khuweildi al-Hmeidi, Abdel Moneim al-Huni, Muhammad Mogharef and Mukhtar Gervi. On October 16, 1969, Gaddafi, speaking at a mass rally, announced five principles of his policy: 1) complete evacuation of foreign bases from Libyan territory, 2) positive neutrality, 3) national unity, 4) Arab unity, 5) prohibition of political parties.

On March 31, 1970, the withdrawal of troops from the British naval base El Adem in the Tobruk area was completed, and on June 11 - from the largest American air force base in the region, Wheelus Field, on the outskirts of Tripoli. The base became known as Okba Ben Nafia after the 7th century Arab commander who conquered Libya. On October 7 of the same year, all 20 thousand Italians were expelled from Libya. This day was declared the “day of vengeance.” In addition, the graves of Italian soldiers were destroyed as revenge for the brutal colonial war waged by Fascist Italy in the 1920s.

In October 2004, after a meeting with Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, Gaddafi promised to change the “day of revenge” to a “day of friendship”, but this was not done. In 2009, during his historic visit to Italy, he met with hundreds of exiled Italians. One of the exiles would later say about this meeting: “Gaddafi told us that he was forced to expel us in order to save our lives, because the Libyan people wanted to kill us. But to save us, he also confiscated all our property."

One of Gaddafi’s first steps after coming to power was the reform of the calendar: the names of the months of the year were changed in it, and chronology began to be based on the year of death of the Prophet Muhammad. In November 1971, the Revolutionary Command Council created a commission to review all Libyan legislation in accordance "with the basic principles of Islamic Sharia." Alcoholic beverages and gambling were prohibited in the country.

On April 15, 1973, during his speech in Zouar, Muammar Gaddafi proclaimed a cultural revolution, which included five points:

repealing all existing laws passed by the previous monarchical regime and replacing them with laws based on Sharia;
repression of communism and conservatism, purging all political oppositionists - those who opposed or resisted the revolution, such as communists, atheists, members of the Muslim Brotherhood, defenders of capitalism and agents of Western propaganda;
the distribution of weapons among the people in such a way that public resistance would protect the revolution;
administrative reform to end excessive bureaucratization, overreach and bribery;
encouraging Islamic thought, rejecting any ideas that do not conform to it, especially ideas imported from other countries and cultures.

According to Gaddafi, the Libyan Cultural Revolution, unlike the Chinese Cultural Revolution, did not introduce anything new, but rather marked a return to Arab and Islamic heritage. Since 1979, Sharia laws have been introduced in the country.

Despite this, and also despite the fact that Gaddafi supported various radical political movements at different times, his policies within the country during these years were relatively moderate. The regime was supported by the army, the state apparatus and the rural population, for whom these institutions were virtually the only mechanism for social mobility.

Having come to power, Gaddafi began to generalize his political and socio-economic views into a concept put forward in opposition to the two main world ideologies - Western and socialist. The unique concept of social development put forward by Gaddafi is set out in his main work, the “Green Book,” in which the ideas of Islam are intertwined with the theoretical positions of the Russian anarchists Kropotkin and Bakunin. Jamahiriya (the official name of the political system of Libya) translated from Arabic means “power of the masses.”

On March 2, 1977, at an emergency session of the General People's Congress (GPC) of Libya, held in Sebha, the “Sebha Declaration” was promulgated, proclaiming the establishment of a new form of government - the Jamahiriya (from the Arabic "jamahir" - the masses). The Libyan Republic received its new name - “Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya” (SNLAD).

The Revolutionary Command Council and the government were dissolved. Instead, new institutions were created corresponding to the “Jamahiriyya” system. The General People's Congress was declared the supreme body of the legislative branch, and the Supreme People's Committee formed by it instead of the government - the executive branch. Ministries were replaced by people's secretariats, at the head of which bodies of collective leadership - bureaus - were created. Libyan embassies in foreign countries have also been transformed into people's bureaus. There was no head of state in Libya, in accordance with the principle of democracy.

Gaddafi (Secretary General) and four of his closest associates - Major Abdel Salam Ahmed Jelloud, as well as generals Abu Bakr Yunis Jaber, Mustafa al-Kharrubi and Huweildi al-Hmeidi were elected to the general secretariat of the GNC. In October 1978, Gaddafi proclaimed the “separation of the revolution from power.”

Exactly two years later, the five leaders resigned from government positions, ceding them to professional managers. Since then, Gaddafi has been officially called the Leader of the Libyan Revolution, and the entire five leaders are the Revolutionary Leadership. Revolutionary committees appeared in the political structure of Libya, designed to carry out the political line of the revolutionary leadership through the system of people's congresses. Muammar Gaddafi was officially only the leader of the Libyan revolution, although his real influence on the process of making political, economic and military decisions was actually high.

Muammar Gaddafi advocated a democratic solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict through the creation of a single Arab-Jewish state under the code name “Izratina”.

In the spring of 1976, Egypt, and then Tunisia and Sudan, accused Libya of organizing and financing their internal opposition circles. In July of the same year, Egypt and Sudan directly accused Libya of supporting an unsuccessful coup attempt against Sudanese President Nimeiry, and already in August the concentration of Egyptian troops on the Libyan border began. Tensions between the two countries increased in April–May 1977 when demonstrators in both countries seized each other's consulates. In June, Gaddafi ordered 225,000 Egyptians working and living in Libya to leave the country by July 1 or face arrest. On July 20 of the same year, Libyan artillery opened fire for the first time on Egyptian border posts in the area of al-Sallum and Halfaya. The next day, Egyptian troops invaded Libya. During four days of fighting, both sides used tanks and aircraft. As a result of the mediation mission of Algeria and the Palestine Liberation Organization, hostilities ceased by July 25.

Almost immediately after coming to power, Muammar Gaddafi, driven by the idea of pan-Arabism, set a course for the unification of Libya with neighboring Arab countries. On December 27, 1969, a meeting took place between Gaddafi, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and Sudanese Prime Minister Jafar Nimeiry, which resulted in the signing of the Tripoli Charter, which contained the idea of unifying the three states. On November 8, 1970, the Cairo Declaration was adopted on the creation of the Federation of Arab Republics (FAR) consisting of Egypt, Libya and Sudan. That same year, Gaddafi proposed to Tunisia to unite the two countries, but then-President Habib Bourguiba rejected the proposal.

On June 11, 1972, Gaddafi called on Muslims to fight the US and UK, and also announced his support for black revolutionaries in the United States, revolutionaries in Ireland, and Arabs wishing to join the struggle for the liberation of Palestine. On August 2, at a meeting in Benghazi, the Libyan leader and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat agreed on a phased unification of the two countries, which was planned for September 1, 1973. Showing more enthusiasm than the Egyptian president, Muammar Gaddafi even organized a 40,000-strong march on Cairo the following July to put pressure on Egypt, but the march was stopped 200 miles from the Egyptian capital.

The union between Libya and Egypt never worked out. Further events only led to a deterioration in Egyptian-Libyan relations and later to an armed conflict. With the mediation of Gaddafi, from November 26 to 28, 1972, a meeting of the presidents of North (YAR) and South Yemen (NDY) was held in Tripoli, which ended with the signing of the “Full text of the Agreement on Unity between the two parts of Yemen.” The YAR Advisory Council, at its meeting on December 10, “thanked Gaddafi for the efforts he made in realizing Yemeni unity, which is a step towards full Arab unity.” In January 1974, Tunisia and Libya announced the unification and formation of the Islamic Arab Republic, but a referendum on this matter never took place. While on a visit to Algeria in May-June 1978, Gaddafi made a proposal to unite Libya, Algeria and Tunisia.

In August 1978, at the official invitation of the Libyan leadership, the leader of the Lebanese Shiites and the founder of the Amal movement, Imam Musa al-Sadr, arrived in the country, accompanied by two companions, after which they mysteriously disappeared. On August 27, 2008, Lebanon accused Gaddafi of plotting to kidnap and illegally imprison the spiritual leader of the Lebanese Shiites and demanded the arrest of the Libyan leader. As the judicial investigator noted, by committing this crime, Colonel Gaddafi “contributed to the outbreak of the civil war in Lebanon and the armed conflict between faiths.” Libya has always denied allegations of involvement in the disappearance of the three Lebanese and claims that the imam and his companions left Libya in the direction of Italy.

During the Ugandan-Tanzanian War of 1978-1979, Muammar Gaddafi sent 2,500 Libyan troops to help Ugandan dictator Idi Amin. On December 22, 1979, the United States included Libya on its list of countries that sponsor terrorism. In the early 1980s, the United States accused the Libyan regime of interfering in the internal affairs of at least 45 countries.

On September 1, 1980, after secret negotiations between representatives of Libya and Syria, Colonel Gaddafi invited Damascus to unite so that they could more effectively confront Israel, and on September 10 an agreement was signed to unite Libya and Syria. Libya and Syria were the only Arab countries that supported Iran in the Iran-Iraq War. This led to Saudi Arabia breaking off diplomatic relations with Libya on October 19 of the same year.

After the suppression of a coup attempt in Sudan in July 1976, Khartoum broke off diplomatic relations with the Libyan Jamahiriya, which the presidents of Sudan and Egypt accused of organizing a conspiracy to overthrow Nimeiry. That same month, at the conference of Islamic states in Jeddah, a triple “holy alliance” was concluded between Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Sudan against Libya and Ethiopia. Feeling threatened by the Egypt-Sudan alliance, Gaddafi formed a tripartite alliance between Libya, Ethiopia and South Yemen in August 1981, aimed at countering Western, primarily American, interests in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.

In November 1982, Gaddafi made a proposal to create a special inter-African body to resolve controversial political issues peacefully, which would avoid military conflicts on the continent.

On August 13, 1983, during his visit to Morocco, Muammar Gaddafi signed the Arab-African Federative Treaty with the Moroccan King Hassan II in the city of Oujda, providing for the creation of a union state of Libya and Morocco as the first step towards the creation of the Greater Arab Maghreb. On August 31, a referendum was held in Morocco, as a result of which the treaty was approved by 99.97% of voters; The Libyan General People's Congress supported it unanimously. Libya had been supporting the Polisario front, which was waging a guerrilla war against Moroccan forces, and the signing of the treaty marked the end of Libyan aid. The alliance began to unravel when Libya signed an alliance with Iran in 1985, and after Gaddafi criticized the Moroccan king for his meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres, King Hassan II annulled the treaty altogether in August 1986.

The fall of the Nimeiri regime in Sudan at the same time led to an improvement in Sudanese-Libyan relations. Gaddafi ended his support for the Sudan People's Liberation Army and welcomed the new government of General Abdel Rahman Swar al-Daghab.

In 1985, Gaddafi announced the formation of the “National (Regional) Command of the Arab Revolutionary Forces” with the aim of “carrying out armed coups in reactionary Arab countries and achieving Arab unity”, as well as to “destroy embassies, institutions and other facilities of the United States and Israel in countries pursuing an anti-Libyan policy and supporting the United States.” The following year, during the International People's Congress held in Libya, Colonel Gaddafi was proclaimed commander of a unified all-Arab army and the ideological leader of all liberation movements in the world. Muammar Gaddafi visited the Soviet Union three times - in 1976, 1981 and 1986 and met with L. I. Brezhnev and.

In the 1980s, Gaddafi established training camps in Libya for rebel groups from across West Africa, including the Tuareg.

In 1981, Somalia broke off diplomatic relations with Libya, accusing the Libyan leader of supporting the Somali Democratic Salvation Front and the Somali National Movement.

On September 1, 1984, Muammar Gaddafi announced that he had sent troops and weapons to Nicaragua to help the Sandinista government fight the United States.

In March 1986, when Gaddafi hosted the Congress of the World Center for the Struggle against Imperialism and Zionism, among his guests were representatives of the Irish Republican Army, the Basque separatist group ETA and the leader of the radical American organization "Nation of Islam", an African-American Muslim, Louis Farrakhan.

In the 1980s, the leader of the Libyan revolution actively supplied weapons to the IRA, considering its activities part of the fight against “British colonialism.”

Libya provided assistance to such national liberation and nationalist movements as the Palestinian organizations PLO, Fatah, PFLP and DFLP, Mali Liberation Front, United Patriotic Front of Egypt, Moro National Liberation Front, Arabistan Liberation Front, Arabian People's Liberation Front, African National Congress, People's Liberation Front Bahrain Liberation Front, SWAPO, FRELIMO, ZAPU-ZANU. Libya was also suspected of supporting the Japanese Red Army.

Gaddafi took a tough stance towards Israel. On March 2, 1970, the Libyan leader appealed to the 35 members of the Organization of African Unity to break off relations with Israel. In October 1973, the third Arab-Israeli war broke out. On October 16, Saudi Arabia, Iran, the UAE, Kuwait and Qatar unilaterally raised the selling price of their oil by 17% - to $3.65. Three days later, in protest against Israel's support in the Yom Kippur War, Libya declared an embargo on oil supplies to USA. Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries followed suit, initiating an oil embargo against countries that had provided or contributed to support for Israel.

Libya was suspected of mining the Red Sea in 1984, which damaged 18 ships. On April 17 of the same year, an incident received wide resonance when fire was opened on Libyan demonstrators from the building of the Libyan People's Bureau (embassy) in London, resulting in the death of British police officer Yvonne Fletcher and injury to 11 other people. After this, on April 22, Great Britain broke off diplomatic relations with Libya. In a 2009 interview with Sky News, Gaddafi said: “She is not our enemy and we are sorry all the time and [express] our sympathy because she was on duty, she was there to protect the Libyan embassy. But there is a problem that needs to be solved - who did this?

Having come to power, the revolutionary government not only faced opposition to the new regime, but also internal problems within its ranks. On December 7, 1969, the SRC announced that it had thwarted a coup attempt by Lieutenant Colonel Defense Minister Adam Hawwaz and Interior Minister Musa Ahmed. A few months later, on July 24, 1970, Gaddafi announced the discovery of an “imperialist reactionary conspiracy” in Fezzan, in which the king’s adviser Omar Shelhi, ex-prime ministers Abdel Hamid Bakoush and Hussein Mazik were involved, and, as reported, the investigation established “the involvement of the American CIA to deliver weapons for the impending coup."

Political parties and opposition groups were banned under Law No. 71 of 1972. The only legal political party in the country in 1971-1977 was the Arab Socialist Union. On May 31, 1972, a law was promulgated banning worker and student strikes and demonstrations and imposing strict controls on the press. In August 1975, after an unsuccessful coup attempt, one of Colonel Gaddafi's closest associates, the Minister of Planning and Scientific Research, Major Omar Moheishi, fled to Tunisia and then moved to Egypt.

In November 1985, Morocco extradited Omar Moheishi to the Libyan authorities and escorted him to Tripoli, where, according to American journalists citing the CIA, he was dealt with “at the plane’s ramp on the landing strip.” As A.Z. Egorin notes in his work “The Libyan Revolution”, after Moheishi, Huni, Hawvadi, Gervi, Najm and Hamza left the political arena. Of the 12 members of the SRC, Jelloud, Jaber, Kharroubi and Hmeidi remained with Gaddafi.

Since 1980, more than 15 Libyan anti-Gaddafi exiles have been killed in Italy, England, West Germany, Greece and the United States. In October 1981, the Libyan National Salvation Front (NLNF) was formed, led by the former Libyan ambassador to India, Muhammad Yusuf al-Maghariaf, which was based in Sudan until the fall of President Nimeiry's regime in 1985. On May 17, 1984, rockets were fired at Gaddafi's Bab al-Aziziya residence, and 15 of the 20 attackers were killed in the ensuing firefight. The Libyan National Salvation Front took responsibility for the attack on the residence of the Libyan leader. According to the Libyan National Salvation Front (NLNF), between 1969 and 1994, 343 Libyans who opposed the Gaddafi regime died, of which 312 people died on Libyan territory (84 people died in prisons, 50 people were publicly shot by the verdict of revolutionary tribunals , 148 people died in plane crashes, car accidents and poisoning, 20 people died in armed clashes with regime supporters, four were shot by security agents and six people died because they were denied emergency medical care).

At times, Muammar Gaddafi showed great leniency towards dissidents. On March 3, 1988, he ordered the release of 400 political prisoners from Abu Sadim prison. In the presence of a crowd of thousands, Gaddafi, driving a bulldozer, broke the prison door and shouted to the prisoners: “You are free,” after which a crowd of prisoners rushed into the gap, chanting: “Muammar, born in the desert, made the prisons empty!” The Libyan leader proclaimed this day the Day of Victory, Freedom and the Triumph of Democracy. A few days later, he tore up the “black lists” of persons suspected of dissident activities.

At the time of the revolution, the strength of the armed forces of Libya numbered only 8.5 thousand people, but in the first six months of his reign, Muammar Gaddafi, at the expense of conscripts and by reassigning several hundred people from the paramilitary national security forces, doubled the size of the Libyan army, bringing it to an end 1970s up to 76 thousand people. In 1971, the Ministry of Defense was liquidated, the functions of which were assigned to the Main Military Command.

During his speech on April 15, 1973 in Zuwara, Gaddafi stated: “At a time when all regimes usually fear their people and create an army and police force to protect themselves, unlike them, I will arm the Libyan masses who believe in the al-Fatih revolution.” Serious difficulties were caused by the program he put forward back in 1979 to eliminate the traditional army by replacing it with an “armed people” capable, in the opinion of the Libyan leader, of repelling any external aggression. As part of the implementation of this idea, for almost a decade, measures were proclaimed and taken to attract women to military service, militarize cities and educational institutions, and also create a kind of militia units.

Revolutionary committees were created in the armed forces, taking control of the activities of officers. On August 31, 1988, Colonel Gaddafi announced the “dissolution of the classical army and traditional police” and the formation of “armed people” formations. Developing his concept of an “armed people,” he also announced the dissolution of the security apparatus. By the September 1989 decree, all former military ranks were abolished, and the General Command of the Armed Forces was replaced by the General Provisional Defense Committee. In June 1990, the voluntary Jamahiriya Guard was formed.

Before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1968, 73% of the country's population was illiterate. During the first decade of revolutionary changes in Libya, 220 libraries and reading rooms, 25 centers for the dissemination of knowledge, about 20 national cultural centers and 40 sports clubs were opened. By 1977, the literacy rate had risen overall to 51%. From 1970 to 1980, more than 180 thousand apartments were built in the country, which made it possible to provide modern housing to about 80% of those in need who previously lived in basements, huts or tents. Gaddafi played an important role in the implementation of the grandiose Great Man-Made River project, calling it the “Eighth Wonder of the World.” In August 1984, he laid the foundation stone for the Brega pipe plant and work on the project began at that time. This huge irrigation system made it possible to supply the desert areas and coast of the country with water from the Nubian Aquifer.

The reduction in the flow of petrodollars due to the fall in oil prices in the early 1980s caused some economic difficulties in Libya. Speaking on September 1, 1988 at a mass rally to mark the 19th anniversary of the revolution, the Leader of the Revolution announced large-scale denationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises and even the abolition of organizations responsible for the import and export of consumer goods.

After Muammar Gaddafi came to power, Libya repeatedly made territorial claims to neighboring Chad in the Aouzou Strip, justifying its claims by the fact that the zone is home to a population ethnically close to Libyan Arabs and Berbers. At that time, there was a civil war in Chad between the central government and the Chadian National Liberation Front (FROLINA), which soon split into a number of factions that had the support of the United States, France and Libya. In August 1971, Chadian President Tombalbaye announced the foiling of a coup attempt involving recently liberated Chadians who were believed to have received support from Muammar Gaddafi. He severed relations with Libya and invited Gaddafi's opponents to establish bases in Chad, and the Libyan leader responded by recognizing FROLIN and offering an operational base in Tripoli, increasing the amount of supplies to the Chadian rebels. In 1973, Libyan troops, without encountering resistance, captured a section of the border territory of Chad, and in 1975, Libya occupied and subsequently annexed the Aouzou strip with an area of 70 thousand km².

In October 1980, Libya-focused President Goukouni Oueddei turned to Libya for military assistance in the fight against the French-backed forces of Hissène Habré, who at the time also enjoyed Libyan support. Since that time, Libya has taken an active part in the armed conflict. In January 1981, Libya and Chad announced their intention to unite. Oueddei and Gaddafi issued a joint communiqué, saying Chad and Libya agreed to "work towards the realization of complete unity between the two countries." However, the unification of Libya and Chad never took place. Thanks to the intervention of the OAU, Libyan troops left Chad on November 16 of the same year. Upon their return home, Gaddafi announced that his troops had killed more than 3,000 "enemies" while losing 300 of their own; other estimates put Libyan losses significantly higher.

Without Libyan support, Oueddei's forces were unable to stop the advance of Habré's troops, who occupied N'Djamena in June 1982 and overthrew his government. In the summer of 1983, the Libyan army again intervened in the conflict, but Weddey this time led the insurgency against the central government, led by Habré. The subsequent intervention of French and Zairian troops led to the actual division of the country, with the entire territory north of the 16th parallel coming under the control of the Libyan forces. In accordance with the mutual withdrawal agreement from Chad, France withdrew its troops in November 1984, but Libya did not. In 1987, Chadian troops, with the support of France, inflicted a number of defeats on the Libyan army in northern Chad, including in the Aouzou Strip, and also invaded Libyan territory, destroying the Maaten Es Sarra airbase. After some time, the parties signed a truce agreement.

The issue of the territorial ownership of the Aouzou Strip was discussed at a meeting of the International Court of Justice in The Hague, which in 1994 ruled in favor of Chad, after which Libya withdrew its troops.

On April 5, 1986, an explosion occurred at the La Belle discotheque in West Berlin, popular among the American military, killing 3 people, including a Turkish girl, and injuring 200 people. They saw a Libyan trace in the organization of the terrorist attack. The basis for this was the intercepted messages from Gaddafi, in which the Libyan leader called on his supporters to inflict maximum damage on the Americans, without paying attention to what target was being attacked - civilian or military, and in one intercepted message, Libyan intelligence informed about the details of the explosion in West Germany disco. The US President called Gaddafi the "mad dog of the Middle East", accusing him of aiding international terrorism. The US President ordered the bombing of the cities of Tripoli and Benghazi. Five targets were planned for the American air strike, of which three were in the Tripoli area (Bab Al-Azizia barracks, the Sidi Bilal combat swimmer training base and the military sector of Tripoli airport) and 2 in the Benghazi area (Al-Jamahariya Barras barracks and the airfield "Benina") On the night of April 15, US aircraft carried out strikes on the intended targets. The bombing killed dozens of people, including Gaddafi's adopted daughter.

After the unification of Germany in 1990, the archives of the state security service of the GDR, the Stasi, were found in the hands of Western intelligence services, in which they discovered a transcript of the radio interception of negotiations between Tripoli and the Libyan Embassy in the GDR, during which an order was given to carry out an action “with as many victims as possible.” .

When President Ronald Reagan died on June 6, 2004, Muammar Gaddafi stated: “I deeply regret that Reagan died without being brought to justice for his horrific crime against Libyan children in 1986.”

In 2001, a German court ruled that Libyan intelligence services were responsible for the Berlin bombing. After the capture of Tripoli by rebel forces in 2011, information appeared that documents and personal photographs were found in the captured Bab al-Aziziya residence, according to which Hannah Gaddafi did not die during the American bombing, but remained alive and even completed English language courses under British Council office in Tripoli.

On December 21, 1988, a Boeing 747 passenger plane was blown up in the skies over the Scottish town of Lockerbie. American airline Pan Am, operating flight No. 103 from London to New York, resulting in the death of 270 people (all passengers of the plane and crew members, as well as people in the area of the disaster). At first, suspicion of organizing the terrorist attack fell on terrorists from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, as well as on the Iranian authorities, but soon the Attorney General of Scotland, Lord Fraser, formally charged two employees of the Libyan state intelligence services - Abdelbaset al-Mohammed al-Megrahi and al-Amin - with organizing the explosion. Khalifa Fhimahu.

On September 19, 1989, a DC-10 on flight UTA-772 from Brazzaville to Paris was blown up in Niger airspace, killing 170 people. The investigation revealed the involvement of Libyan intelligence officers in this crime.

In 1992, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions against Libya. On December 1, 1993, additional UN sanctions were introduced banning the sale of many types of oil transportation and refining equipment, and Libyan holdings abroad were frozen.

In March 1999, a French court sentenced six Libyans in absentia, including the husband of Gaddafi's wife's sister, deputy head of the secret service Abdallah Senussi, to life imprisonment for a terrorist attack in Niger airspace, and in August the French prosecutor recommended not to accuse Muammar Gaddafi of involvement in the explosion of the French airplane. Libya paid 200 million francs ($31 million) to the relatives of the victims, but, as Gaddafi said in an interview with the French newspaper Le Figaro, this does not mean that his country was involved in the explosion. In April of the same year, Libya extradited two Libyan intelligence officers suspected of committing a terrorist attack on Lockerbie. On May 7, 2002, the American administration included Libya in the “axis of evil.”

On August 13, 2003, Libya admitted that its officials were responsible for the bombing of a plane over Lockerbie. Immediately after this, the question arose of lifting all sanctions from Libya and removing it from the black list of “state sponsors of international terrorism.” However, France threatened to use its veto power in the UN Security Council on a resolution to lift sanctions if Libya does not increase the amount of compensation to relatives of the terrorist attack on Niger. On September 1, Colonel Gaddafi announced his decision to pay the victims of the tragedy, emphasizing that he does not consider his country responsible for the terrorist attack: “Our dignity is important to us. We don't care about money. The Lockerbie case is now over and the UTA case is now over. We are opening a new page in our relations with the West."

On February 23, 2011, the former Secretary of the General People's Committee (Minister) of Justice of Libya, Mustafa Abdel Jalil, in an interview with the Swedish tabloid Expressen, stated that he “I have proof that Gadhafi gave the order about Lockerbie").

As a sign of protest against the Oslo agreements between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel, on September 1, 1995, Gaddafi announced the expulsion of 30 thousand Palestinians working in his country. He also called on Arab governments to expel the Palestinians and send them back to the Gaza Strip and the West Bank as punishment for Israeli and Palestinian leaders for the agreement. However, already at the beginning of the 21st century, Gaddafi began to come up with the idea of creating a single state in Palestine as a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict. In August 2003, he published a “White Paper”, in which he outlined his ideas for resolving the conflict, in particular, the creation of a united Arab-Jewish state “Izratina”. He saw the key prerequisite for peace in the return of Palestinian refugees who fled their homes during the First Arab-Israeli War of 1948-1949.

In 1997, Gaddafi published the book “Long Live the State of the Oppressed!”, and later a collection of parable stories “Village, Village, Earth, Earth and the Suicide of an Astronaut.” In 1998, on his initiative, it was created Community of Coastal and Saharan States (CENSAD) with the aim of strengthening peace, security and stability, as well as achieving global economic and social development in the region. On March 2, 2001, also on his initiative, the African Union was proclaimed, uniting 54 African states. In addition, Gaddafi began to take the initiative to create the United States of Africa. This formulation was first mentioned in 1924 in the poem “Hail, United States of Africa” by African American rights activist Marcus Garvey, and later Kenyan President Kwame Nkrumah adhered to this idea. According to Gaddafi: “It is in the interests of Europe, America, China and Japan that there be such an entity as the United States of Africa. I once fought for national liberation together with Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Algeria, Palestine. Now we can put down the rifle and work for peace and progress. This is my role."

During the years of his reign, many assassination attempts were made on Muammar Gaddafi. The most famous assassination attempts and conspiracies against Colonel Gaddafi include:

In June 1975, during a military parade, an unsuccessful attempt was made to fire at the podium where Muammar Gaddafi was sitting.
In 1981, conspirators from the Libyan Air Force made an unsuccessful attempt to shoot down the plane on which Gaddafi was returning to Tripoli from the USSR.
In December 1981, Colonel Khalifa Qadir shot at Muammar Gaddafi, slightly wounding him in the shoulder.
In November 1985, Gaddafi's relative Colonel Hassan Ishkal, who intended to kill the Libyan leader in Sirte, was executed.
In 1989, during the visit of Syrian President Hafez al-Assad to Libya, Gaddafi was attacked by a fanatic armed with a sword. The attacker was shot dead by security.
In 1996, while Gaddafi's motorcade was passing along a street in the city of Sirte, a car was blown up. The Libyan leader was not injured, but six people died as a result of the assassination attempt. Later, an agent of the British intelligence service MI5, David Shayler, would say that the British secret service MI6 was behind the assassination attempt.
In 1998, near the Libyan-Egyptian border, unknown persons fired at the Libyan leader, but the main bodyguard Aisha covered Muammar Gaddafi with herself and died; seven more guards were injured. Gaddafi himself was slightly wounded in the elbow.

In the 2000s, unrest among the established Libyan elite, the loss of all allies and Gaddafi’s reluctance to enter into open confrontation with the Western world led to some liberalization of the economic and then political life of the country. Foreign companies were allowed into Libya, contracts were signed for the construction of a gas pipeline to Italy (relations between the former colony and the metropolis had previously been extremely strained). In general, Libya, although with a long delay, has followed the path of Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak. Changes in economic and political course, accompanied by competent propaganda, allowed Gaddafi to remain in power and avoid the fate of Anwar Sadat or Saddam Hussein.

On April 23, 2004, the United States announced a partial lifting of anti-Libyan economic sanctions. On July 14 of the same year in Tripoli, Muammar Gaddafi received the title of chess grandmaster for his assistance in organizing the 17th World Chess Championship, held in Africa for the first time in FIDE history.

Libya entered the Guinness Book of Records as the country with the lowest annual inflation rate(in 2001-2005 - 3.1%).

According to INAPRO data for 2008, in terms of the share of GDP ($88.86 billion) per capita, Libya ranks first among the five Arab countries of North Africa - $14.4 thousand.

In August 2008, at a meeting of more than 200 African kings, sultans, emirs, sheikhs and tribal leaders, Muammar Gaddafi was declared the “King of Kings of Africa.” On February 2 of the following year, Muammar Gaddafi was elected chairman of the African Union. As of 2009, the level of education of the population was 86.8% (before the overthrow of the monarchy, in 1968, 73% of the population was illiterate). In his foreign policy, the Libyan leader continued to remain committed to pan-Arabism.

In September 2009, Muammar Gaddafi arrived in the United States for the 64th session of the UN General Assembly. Instead of the prescribed 15 minutes, Gaddafi's speech at the podium of the General Assembly lasted an hour and a half. The translator, doing his job for 75 minutes, at one point could not stand it and shouted into the microphone in Arabic: “I can’t do it anymore,” after which he was replaced by the head of the Arab UN mission. Taking the podium, Gaddafi said: “Even my son Obama said this was a historic meeting.”. In his speech The Libyan leader sharply criticized the UN Security Council, calling it a “council on terrorism”. Holding the UN Charter in his hands, Gaddafi said that, according to this document, military force is used only by decision of the UN with the consent of all member countries of the organization, clarifying that during the existence of the UN “big countries fought 64 wars against small ones” and “the UN nothing did not do anything to prevent these wars." He proposed moving the UN headquarters from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere - “for example, to Libya.”

Muammar Gaddafi defended the Taliban's right to create an Islamic emirate and even touched upon Somali pirates: "Somali pirates are not pirates. India, Japan, Australia, you are pirates. You fish in the territorial waters of Somalia. And Somalia protects its supplies, food for its children... I saw these pirates, I talked to them".

The leader of the Libyan revolution announced that US President and British Prime Minister Tony Blair personally participated in the execution of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, demanded an investigation into the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and proposed to become US President for life. At the end of his speech, Gaddafi said: “You are already tired. You are all asleep” and left the podium with the words “You gave birth to Hitler, not us. You persecuted the Jews. And you carried out the Holocaust!

In the winter of 2010-2011, a wave of demonstrations and protests began in the Arab world caused by various reasons, but directed mainly against the ruling authorities. On the evening of February 15, relatives of prisoners killed under unclear circumstances in Tripoli's Abu Slim prison in 1996 gathered in Benghazi to demand the release of lawyer and human rights activist Fethi Tarbel. Despite Tarbel's release, demonstrators clashed with security forces.

In the following days, anti-government protests were actively suppressed by forces loyal to the Libyan leader with the support of foreign mercenaries. On February 18, demonstrators took full control of the city of Al-Bayda, with local police siding with the protesters. By February 20, Benghazi came under the control of opponents of the Libyan leadership, after which the unrest spread to the capital. Within a few days of unrest, the eastern part of the country came under the control of protesters, while in the western part Gaddafi remained in power. The main demand of the opposition was the resignation of Colonel Gaddafi.

On February 26, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions banning the supply of weapons and any military materials to Libya, as well as a ban on Gaddafi's international travel and a freeze on his foreign assets. The next day in Benghazi, at a joint emergency meeting of members of local people's councils, the rebels formed the Transitional National Council as the authority of the revolution, which was headed by the country's former justice minister, Mustafa Muhammad Abd al-Jalil. On the same day, in western Libya, the important center of the oil refining industry, the city of Ez-Zawiya, came under the control of Gaddafi’s opponents. Meanwhile, in eastern Libya, armed rebel groups launched an attack on Tripoli, capturing Libyan cities along the way. On March 2, one of the centers of the oil industry of the country, Marsa Brega, came under their control, and two days later the port of Ras Lanuf. On March 5, the rebels entered Bin Jawad, the last city on the way to Sirte, but the very next day they were forced to retreat from the city. By mid-March, government troops launched an offensive against the rebel positions and within a few days regained control of the cities of Ras Lanuf and Marsa el Braga. On March 10, in western Libya, government forces recaptured Ez-Zawiya.

On the night of March 17-18, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1973, which included a ban on Libyan aviation flights, as well as the adoption of any measures to protect the Libyan population, with the exception of ground operations. On the evening of March 19, the armed forces of France and the United States launched Operation Odyssey Dawn to defeat military targets in Libya on the basis of a UN Security Council resolution “to protect civilians.” A number of European and Arab countries joined the operation.

In his speech to the Libyan people, Gaddafi said to the countries of the international coalition: “You are not ready for war, but we are ready. We are happy that this moment has come” and that “You are aggressors, you are animals. All tyrants will sooner or later fall under the pressure of the people.” In his speech, he also announced that the fate of Hitler and Mussolini awaited them. As a result of coalition air raids and missile and bomb attacks on government positions, Gaddafi's supporters had to retreat from their positions. With the support of aviation from the countries of the international coalition, the rebels managed to regain control over Ajdabiya, Marsa el-Brega and Ras Lanuf within a few days, advancing towards Sirte. However, government troops not only stopped the advance of the rebels near Sirte, but also launched a massive offensive, pushing the rebels back 160 kilometers to the east of the country by March 30.

On June 24, Amnesty International conducted a series of investigations into the activities of supporters of Muammar Gadaffi. They said they found evidence that the rebels falsified many of the crimes committed by forces loyal to Gaddafi. However, on June 27, the International Criminal Court in The Hague (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Gaddafi for organizing the killings, detentions and imprisonments committed in the first 12 days of the Libyan uprising.

After the fall of Tripoli, only the cities of Bani Walid and Sirte remained under Gaddafi's control, around which fierce fighting broke out. Repeated attempts by NPC troops to capture Sirte ended in failure. As the head of the internal security service, General Mansour Dao, later said, Muammar Gaddafi left the capital about 12 days before the capture of Tripoli and moved to Sirte: “He was upset, he was angry, sometimes it seemed to us that he was going crazy. Most often he was just sad and angry. He was convinced that the Libyan people still loved him, even after we told him that the capital had fallen."

According to Dao, “Gaddafi was nervous. He could not call anywhere or otherwise contact the outside world. We had very little water and food. It was also difficult with medications.” However, at times Gaddafi made audio messages through the al-Urabiya channel, calling on the people to resist. Speaking about the colonel’s life in besieged Sirte, the former head of the internal security service noted that “Gaddafi spent his time reading, taking notes or making tea. He did not lead the resistance; his sons did. Gaddafi himself did not plan anything. And he didn’t have any plans.” According to him, the Libyan leader “paced back and forth in the small room, making notes on a notepad. We knew this was the end. Gaddafi said: "I am wanted by the International Criminal Court. No country will accept me. I prefer to die at the hands of the Libyans."».

On the morning of October 20, 2011, troops of the National Transitional Council launched another assault on Sirte, as a result of which they managed to take the city. While trying to escape from the besieged city, Muammar Gaddafi was captured by the rebels. NATO issued a communiqué reporting that at approximately 08:30 (0630 GMT) its aircraft struck eleven Gaddafi army military vehicles, part of a large convoy of about 75 vehicles that was moving quickly along a road in the suburbs of Sirte. After an air strike knocked out one of them, “a group of two dozen Gaddafi regime vehicles headed south at high speed, still posing a serious threat. NATO aircraft destroyed or damaged about a dozen of them.”

The rebels managed to capture the wounded Gaddafi, after which he was immediately surrounded by a crowd who began to mock him. People shouting “Allahu Akbar!” They started shooting in the air and pointing machine guns at the colonel. Gaddafi, his face covered in blood, was led to a car, where he was placed on the hood. Video recordings of Gaddafi's last minutes that appeared later refuted the initial official version of the National Transitional Council of Libya. It became clear that he was killed as a result of lynching by the rebels who captured him. In the last minutes of his life, Muammar Gaddafi called on the rebels to come to their senses: “Haram alaikum... Haram alaikum... Shame on you! You don’t know sin?!”.

In addition to Gaddafi, his son Mutazim was also captured, but then, under unclear circumstances, he was killed. One of the participants in the 1969 coup and members of the SRC, the Minister of Defense and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Brigadier General Abu Bakr Younis Jaber, was also killed.

The bodies of Muammar Gaddafi, his son and Abu Bakr Younis Jaber were put on public display in an industrial vegetable refrigerator in a shopping center in Misrata. At dawn on October 25, all three were secretly buried in the Libyan desert. This ended Colonel Gaddafi's 42-year reign and the revolution he ushered in after overthrowing the monarchy in 1969.

The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Amnesty International and the head of the Russian Foreign Ministry demanded a thorough investigation into the circumstances of Gaddafi's death.

According to official data, Muammar bin Mohammed Abu Menyar Abdel Salam bin Hamid al-Gaddafi was born on September 13, 1942. However, the exact date is not reliably known, and many researchers are inclined to believe that he was born in 1940. Gaddafi himself liked to say that he was born in a Bedouin tent 30 kilometers from the city of Sirte. His father, a native of the al-Qaddafa tribe, was a shepherd and wandered from place to place. The mother and three older daughters ran the household. However, there was also a version that Muammar was a descendant of ancient Bedouin tribes who came from Iraq.

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There is also a more exotic version, according to which Gaddafi was a Jew. There are rumors that the former leader of the Jamahiriya was the son of pilot Albert Preziosi from the French Normandie-Niemen air regiment. It is known that in 1941 the pilot spent some time in the Libyan desert, where his plane crashed. There, according to legend, he met with a Palestinian Jewish woman, a nurse, who gave birth to his son Muammar.Albert Preziosi died in 1943. It is worth noting that no documentary evidence of this version of Gaddafi’s birth has yet been discovered.

After finishing school, Gaddafi entered the Libyan University in Benghazi in 1959. Having completed his studies as a lawyer, the future colonel entered the Military Academy. In 1965, he was sent to the active army. Gaddafi was then sent to study in the UK, where he studied armored vehicles. By the way, information about Gaddafi’s education is very contradictory. So, they say that he allegedly graduated from the Libyan military school before studying in Britain. There are also versions that he studied history at the Libyan University or only attended an evening course of lectures there.

While still a student, Gaddafi created a secret organization called Free Unionist Socialist Officers, which aimed to seize power.

In 1969, Gaddafi was appointed adjutant of the Signal Corps and led one of the plots. On September 1, a group of rebels under the command of Captain Gaddafi captured a number of sites in Tripoli, including a radio station through which they announced the overthrow of King Idris I, declaring Libya a republic. From this moment on, Gaddafi effectively rules the country. After the revolution, Gaddafi was given the rank of colonel, which he retained even after he was promoted to general.

Gaddafi began to impose a new order in Libya with an iron fist. He established a regime based on people's committees and assemblies, and later proclaimed a people's republic, in which he banned all political organizations except his own. Having established the country's governance system, Gaddafi resigned as president in 1979, declaring his intention to work to “continue the revolution.” And by the end of the 1980s, he completely abandoned all official posts and began to be called a revolutionary leader, however, all government of the country remained in his hands.

Gaddafi was a practicing Muslim. After coming to power, he carried out a calendar reform, starting the calendar from the year of the death of the Prophet Muhammad. In addition, prohibition was introduced in Libya, gambling was banned, theaters were closed, Western music was banned, and Sharia law was in effect. In everyday life, Gaddafi was outwardly unpretentious and led an ascetic lifestyle. A faithful companion of his trips to other countries was the Bedouin tent, which he pitched in the center of the world's capitals. The colonel was married twice. He left his first wife after the coup, leaving himself a son. The second wife was a nurse from a military hospital. From this marriage Gaddafi had seven children.

It is known that Muammar Gaddafi survived a number of assassination attempts. Thus, in 1975, during a military parade, an attempt was made to fire at the podium where the Libyan leader was sitting. That same year, the military unsuccessfully attempted a coup, and in 1996 they tried to blow up his car. But the perpetrators mixed up the vehicles, and as a result, several people from Gaddafi’s guard were killed, who himself was not injured. It’s interesting that when he first came to power, he drove a modest Volkswagen without security, and went shopping to a regular store. But several assassination attempts forced him to radically change his lifestyle and reduce direct contacts with the people to a minimum.

Gaddafi was known as a great lover of women. When he gave interviews, he preferred to talk to female journalists. He has repeatedly stated that “a man should be content with only one wife,” although Islam allows up to four. Other hobbies of the former leader of the Jamahiriya include a passion for horses, hunting, and weapons. Gaddafi loved to dress beautifully, often changing his outfits (most of them were national clothes and military uniforms). It is noteworthy that the colonel’s military uniforms were always different: he wore a naval uniform, an air force officer’s uniform, and a ground uniform. An indispensable attribute were dark glasses that hid his eyes.

The former leader of Libya has been accused of terrorist activities more than once. In particular, he is credited with four attempts on the life of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and an attempt to sink a British transport ship with several hundred Jews. In 1981, the United States accused Libya, led by Gadaffi, of preparing an assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan. He was also suspected of involvement in several terrorist attacks: two explosions in London, mining the Red Sea, and organizing the shelling of people near the Libyan embassy in the British capital. In addition, the Libyans were suspected of involvement in the hijacking of the passenger ship Achille Lauro and the explosion at a disco in West Berlin.

All this led to American aircraft striking targets in Libya that could be used to train terrorists. The raids killed 101 Libyans, including Gaddafi's adopted daughter, and wounded his wife and two sons. The response to this action was the explosion of a passenger Boeing 747 flying from London to New York over the Scottish city of Lockerbie. This happened on December 21, 1988. The attack killed 270 people. After a three-year investigation, two main suspects were identified - they turned out to be members of the Libyan intelligence services. It was only in 2002 that Gaddafi admitted his country’s guilt for the Lockerbie attack and promised compensation to the relatives of the victims.

At the same time, many Libyans remember the period of Gaddafi's rule with warmth. It is known that he spent most of the petrodollars on the needs of the people. For example, there was practically no unemployment in the country, most citizens had their own separate housing, universities were functioning, and hospitals met international standards. The income received from the sale of oil (about 10 billion dollars a year) was distributed for the needs of the state and among the citizens of the country (each of 600 thousand families received 7-10 thousand dollars a year). True, the families that received the money could not dispose of it at their own discretion, but had the right to buy only the most necessary goods.

Interesting fact: Libya ranked first among Arab countries in the number of satellite dishes per capita.

Muammar Gaddafi often surprised everyone with his extravagant antics. He loved to travel on a grand scale. On his trips he was always accompanied by a detachment of armed female bodyguards, in which, as they say, only virgins were taken. On some tours, the Libyan leader took camels with him, whose milk he liked to drink even when visiting other countries. In the mid-2000s, he proclaimed Libya as the birthplace of Coca-Cola and demanded royalties for the use of the brand, claiming that all the components of the drink were originally supplied from Africa. In addition, the colonel stated that William Shakespeare was an Arab emigrant whose real name was Sheikh Zubair.

Despite the odiousness, many world leaders communicated and met with the Libyan leader. However, everything changed dramatically when the Arab Spring swept across the Middle East. In the wake of political protests in a number of countries, troops from Western countries decided to support the opposition in Libya. As a result, Gaddafi's regime fell and he himself was killed. And at first he was subjected to cruel abuse. Footage circulated around the world showing the bleeding Libyan leader being led through a crowd. At this moment they poke him with everything that was in the hands of the people around him - sticks, knives, weapons. They say that they not only beat him, but even poured sand and other monstrous things into his wounds. The torture continued for approximately three hours until the colonel died.

And even after this, they did not stop mocking Gaddafi: his corpse was dragged by his feet through the streets of Sirte, the colonel’s hometown, in which he fought to the last. The details of the massacre of Gaddafi disgusted even those Libyans who welcomed his capture and death. Before burial, Gaddafi's body was kept in a refrigerator for several days so that everyone could look at it. Only when the corpse began to decompose was it interred in a secret place.